后社会主义转型:爱沙尼亚城市规划体系的市场化改革  

Post-socialist Transition:Market-oriented Reform of Estonian Planning System

作　　者：赵文宁[1] Zhao Wenning

机构地区：[1]清华大学建筑学院

出　　处：《国际城市规划》2020年第6期89-96,共8页Urban Planning International

基　　金：国家留学基金(201506210111)资助。

摘　　要：爱沙尼亚于1990年代苏联解体后恢复独立,成为中东欧后社会主义国家之一。为适应迅速变化的政治、经济、社会需求,其城市规划体系经历了市场化改革,从苏联时期中央计划体制转为1990年代的"专案式规划",又于2000年代建立了市场化的法定规划体系。本文剖析了爱沙尼亚规划体系改革的主要制度基础:地方自治的行政体系、以私有化和地方化为核心的产权改革,以及基于所有权的土地税制度。在此基础上,依据其2003年颁布的《规划法》对改革后的规划体系进行梳理,并深入讨论了其中具有显著市场化特征的政策安排,包括上下调整的规划等级体系、基于"产权所有者协商制度"的详细规划简化程序,以及临时建设禁令和部分采用规划等。对爱沙尼亚规划体系市场化改革的研究,有助于开拓研究视野,理解中东欧后社会主义地区城市规划发展问题,从而为我国规划体系发展提供启示。After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the 1990s,Estonia became one of the post-socialist countries in Central and Eastern Europe.In order to adapt to the rapidly changing political,economic and social needs,its urban planning system experienced market-oriented reforms that from the central planning system of the Soviet Union to"ad hoc planning"in the 1990s and then established a market-oriented statutory planning system in the 2000s.This paper analyzes the institutional basis of the reform of Estonian planning system:the administrative system reform towards local autonomy,privatization and localization in land reform,and the ownership-based land tax policy.Furthermore,based on the Planeerimisseadus(Planning Act)adopted in 2003,the reformed planning system is sorted out,and several typical market-oriented policy are discussed in depth,including the two-way adjustment of the planning system,detail plan simplification procedures,temporary building bans and partial adoption of plans.The research on the market-oriented reform of Estonian planning system could help to understand the development of urban planning in post-socialist countries in Central and Eastern Europe,thus providing inspiration and references to Chinese planning system.

关 键 词：爱沙尼亚 城市规划体系改革 市场化 地方自治 产权改革 

分 类 号：TU984[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]