论刑法拟制的本质、正当性及应有类型  

On the Nature,Legitimacy and Type of Criminal Law Fiction

作　　者：周铭川[1] Zhou Mingchuan

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学凯原法学院

出　　处：《交大法学》2021年第1期155-167,共13页SJTU Law Review

基　　金：2018年上海市哲学社会科学规划一般课题“上海市智慧城市建设中新型网络犯罪治理研究”(项目编号:2018BFX018)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：刑法拟制的本质是对法律效果的拟制,是对A类型的事实适用A罪的构成要件进行评价,但适用B罪的罪名和法定刑定罪量刑——既不是对事实要素的假定而将A类型的事实认定为B类型的事实,也不是为B罪创设一种新的犯罪构成。除了窝藏赃物型抢劫罪等少数条款具有拟制的正当性之外,其他拟制条款均不具有正当性,应当尽快废除。根据条文规定的明确程度以及可解释为注意规定的余地大小,可以将刑法学界通常所认为的刑法拟制划分为明文规定的拟制、比较明显的拟制、形似的拟制、解释的拟制四种类型,由于大多数“拟制”条款都存在违背罪刑法定、实质正义和责任主义等问题,因而应当将形似的拟制和解释的拟制解释为注意规定,以尽量缩小刑法拟制的条款范围。The criminal law fiction is the fiction of legal effect,which is to evaluate A type s fact with the constitutive requirements of crime A but to convict and punish it with the accusation and statutory sentence of crime B.It does not regard A type s fact as B type s fact and does not create new constitutive requirements for crime B.Except the fiction robbery of concealing the booty has legitimacy and necessity,the other fictions all have the problem of violating the principle of legality and substantive justice etc.,so they should be abolished as soon as possible.According to the clarification of the provisions and the room for interpreting it as attention regulations,the criminal law fiction can be classified into expressively stipulated fiction,relatively obvious fiction,appearance similar fiction and explanatory fiction.Since most of the fiction clauses have the problem of violating the legality of crimes,substantive justice and accountability,the appearance of similar fiction and explanatory fiction should be interpreted as attention regulations to minimize the scope of the criminal law fiction.

关 键 词：刑法拟制 法律效果 构成要件 抢劫罪 

分 类 号：D924.35[政治法律—刑法学]