畜禽粪污厌氧发酵沼液农用之环境安全风险  

Environmental Safety Risk for Application of Anaerobic Fermentation Biogas Slurry from Livestock Manure in Agricultural Land in China

作　　者：王小彬[1] 闫湘[1] 李秀英[1] WANG XiaoBin;YAN Xiang;LI XiuYing(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2021年第1期110-139,共30页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：农业部肥料登记专项(2130109)。

摘　　要：畜禽粪污沼液是以畜禽粪污为主要原料,经厌氧发酵产生沼气后的残留液。中国沼气工程建设始于20世纪70年代,随着畜禽养殖业的发展和畜禽粪污厌氧消化技术的推广,畜禽粪污厌氧发酵沼液的产生量随之增大。畜禽粪污沼液属于污水的一种,畜禽粪污厌氧发酵沼液的安全消纳或治理已成为当前中国农业源废弃物污染防治必须要面对和解决的问题。目前,中国畜禽粪污沼液还田消纳作为一种沼液处理的主要方式,即沼液未经过无害化处理而直接还田。然而,由于畜禽粪污中多种有害物质(包括重金属和抗生素类污染物)可在沼液中残留,且大多存在不同程度超出国家水质安全标准,危害农田生态环境安全。本文收集了最近十几年来公开发表的大量文献中的研究数据,分析了猪、牛、鸡饲料和粪污中重金属等污染元素和抗生素的含量,评估了粪污沼液还田对土壤质量、农田水环境和农产品安全的影响。研究结果显示,(1)畜禽粪污沼液存在水质严重超标。如畜禽粪污沼液中检出Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Cl大多超出国家《农田灌溉水质标准》(GB 5084—2005);且超出国家《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)IV-V类水质标准。此外,畜禽粪污沼液中还检出多种抗生素残留,其中以四环素类较其他类抗生素浓度为高,且高出欧盟医药产品评估局(EMEA)规定的水环境抗生素阈值(10 ng·L-1)。(2)畜禽粪污沼液农用存在农地污染风险。如施用沼液的土壤中检出Cd、As、Pb、Ni、Cr、Cu和Zn等均有不同程度超出国家《土壤环境质量—农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 15618—2018)中农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。另有研究报道,连续6年施用沼液的土壤中检出多种抗生素类兽药残留,其中四环素类和喹诺酮类抗生素残留量最高(分别约为3.9和14.3 mg·kg-1),已超过国际兽药协调委员会(VICH)规定的土壤中The biogas slurry(BS)is a kind of residue liquid of biogas produced by anaerobic fermentation with livestock and poultry manure as the main raw materials.The biogas project in China began in the 1970s.With the development of livestock and poultry farming,and anaerobic digestion technology of livestock manure,the production of anaerobic fermentation BS from livestock manure has greatly increased.The BS from livestock and poultry manure is also a kind of sewage,thus its safe disposal or treatment has become an issue that must be faced and solved to prevent from environmental pollution resulted from agricultural waste in China.At present,the BS has been mainly returned to agricultural land directly without any harmless treatment,as a main disposal method of BS.However,several harmful pollutants(including heavy metals and antibiotics)in livestock manure can still remain in the BS in the process of anaerobic fermentation,and to some extent,even exceed the limits of national water quality standards,endangering farmland ecological environment safety.In this paper,a large number of research data published in the last decade were collected,and the concentrations of heavy metals and antibiotics in animal feeds and manure(including pig,cattle,and chicken)were analyzed,and the impacts of the BS returned into the farmlands on soil quality,water environment and agricultural product safety were evaluated.The research results were showed as follows.(1)The BS was at a risk of seriously exceeding the limits for water quality standard.For example,the concentrations of pollutants(including Hg,Cd,As,Pb,Cr,Cu,Zn and Cl)detected in BS mostly exceeded the limits of the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality(GB 5084—2005),and exceeded the limits(Class IV-V)of the Standards for Groundwater Quality(GB/T 14848—2017).In addition,several antibiotic residues were detected in BS,in which tetracycline antibiotics were higher than other antibiotics,exceeded the threshold value for water quality(10 ng·L-1)set by European Medicines Agency(EMEA

关 键 词：农业废弃物 环境安全风险 土壤污染 畜禽粪污沼液 重金属 抗生素 

分 类 号：S216.4[农业科学—农业机械化工程] X713[农业科学—农业工程]