中国农业文明中的常态、危机与变革  

Normality,Crisis and Change in Chinese Agricultural Civilization

作　　者：崔树芝 王鸿生[2] Cui Shuzhi;Wang Hongsheng(Guizhou College of Administration;Renmin University of China)

机构地区：[1]贵州行政学院哲学教研部 [2]中国人民大学哲学院

出　　处：《南京林业大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2020年第6期1-12,共12页Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Humanities and Social Sciences Edition)

摘　　要：中国古代农业文化是多点起源的,然后在发展中逐步连片,最后在黄河流域形成了更大的规模。夏的出现代表着农业文明的崛起,商发展了青铜技术和文字,西周则制定了周礼,实现了井田制,在制度层面有所创新。以西周为典范,农业文明的第一期常态是基于普天之下的土地在理论上的无限分封,但随着人口的不断增长,土地资源事实上出现了相对的短缺,常态不可避免地出现了危机,变革也就随之发生。西周末期,危机出现了,这种典型的常态形式难以为继,春秋战国即是变革期,并在秦汉时期进入一种新的常态。新出现的农业文明的常态,在经济上表现为地主制,政治上表现为中央集权的君主制并配以官僚制。中国农业文明发展的第二种常态形成后,在两千多年间也发生了多次危机,但再也没有发生过变革。实际上,每一次危机的出现都是变革的契机,但直到晚清民国时期,中国农业文明才开启了一场新的变革之路。与上一场变革是在农业文明内部的模式转换不同,这一场变革是深刻的文明转型。面对发展极限,这场转型不仅要改变生产方式,还要开展制度创新,同时要引入新的发展理念,在生活方式上进行变革。originating from many places,the ancient Chinese agricultural culture has connected and formed in a larger area of the Yellow River basin during the process of development.The agricultural civilization rose in the Xia Dynasty.Bronze founding technology and written language developed in the Shang Dynasty.The system innovations have been made in the Western Zhou Dynasty with the formulation of“the Rites of the Zhou”and the implementation of the well⁃fields system.Taking the Western Zhou Dynasty as an example,the first normality of agricultural civilization was based on the theoretically unlimited enfeoffment of land under the sky.However,with the continuous growth of population,the relative shortage of land resources inevitably appeared which led to crises and reforms.At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty,the typical normality was difficult to continue due to the crises.The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the periods of reform,and the Chinese society entered a new normality in the Qin and Han Dynasties.The new normality of agricultural civilization was characterized by the landlord system in economy and by the centralized monarchy with bureaucracy in politics.After the second normality,there have been many crises over 2000 years,but no reforms have taken place untill the late Qing Dynasty.In fact,every crisis is an opportunity for reform.Different from the last reform,the pattern transformation within agricultural civilization,the reform during the late Qing Dynasty was a profound transformation of civilization.Facing the limit of development,the transformation was not only to change the production mode,but also to carry out institutional innovation,and meanwhile introduce new development concepts and carry out changes in the way of life.

关 键 词：农业文明 常态 危机 变革 文明转型 

分 类 号：F323[经济管理—产业经济]