药用植物分子遗传学研究规律的探讨  

Molecular genetics of medicinal plants,past achievement,and new era

作　　者：陈士林[1] 孙伟[1] 吴问广 陈万生 王瑛[4] 董扬 刘义飞 徐志超[8] 孙超[8] 尹青岗 李勇青[4] 罗鸣 肖莹[3] 万会花 CHEN Shi-lin;SUN Wei;WU Wen-guang;CHEN Wan-sheng;WANG Ying;DONG Yang;LIU Yi-fei;XU Zhi-chao;SUN Chao;YIN Qing-gang;LI Yong-qing;LUO Ming;XIAO Ying;WAN Hui-hua(Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100700,China;Department of Pharmacy,Changzheng Hospital,Second Military Medical University,Shanghai 200003,China;Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology,Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shanghai 201203,China;Key laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement,South China Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou 510650,China;State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan Yunnan Agricultural University,Kunming 650201,China;Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry,Kunming 650201,China;College of Pharmacy,Hubei University of Chinese Medicine,Wuhan 430065;Institute of Medicinal Plant Development,Chinese Academy of Medical Science&Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100193,China)

机构地区：[1]中国中医科学院中药研究所,中药鉴定与安全性检测评估重点实验室,北京100700 [2]海军军医大学附属长征医院药学部,上海200003 [3]上海中医药大学中药资源与生物技术中心,上海201203 [4]中国科学院华南植物园,华南农业植物分子与遗传改良重点实验室,广东广州5106505 [5]云南农业大学生物资源保护与利用国家重点实验,云南昆明650201 [6]云南省高原特色农业产业研究院,云南昆明650201 [7]湖北中医药大学药学院,湖北武汉430065 [8]中国医学科学院,北京协和医学院药用植物研究所,北京100193

出　　处：《中国中药杂志》2020年第23期5577-5588,共12页China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC1711100);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务专项(ZZ11-096)。

摘　　要：该文探讨了药用植物分子遗传学的定义,即是以药用植物作为研究对象的综合性学科,该学科关注药用植物的遗传和变异规律,研究药用植物关键性状(有效成分、产量、抗性等)和基因型的相关性,主要从分子水平上研究药用植物基因的结构与功能,遗传与变异,从而揭示药用植物生长发育和环境应答过程中遗传信息传递、表达和调控的分子机制。详细论述了药用植物分子遗传学的三大研究重点方向:一是药用植物个体和群体的遗传和变异规律,主要突出药用植物的人工驯化的遗传机制、药用植物物种层面的个体基因组学和药用植物群体遗传多样性的形成和规律;二是药用植物药效成分合成途径的解析及代谢途径的进化。重点阐述药用植物有效成分的生物合成、有效成分的多样性及分子进化;三是药用植物体内外因子影响其关键性状形成的分子遗传调控机制。主要涉及到药用植物药用活性成分的积累和分布,环境因子对活性成分积累调控网络分子机制。最后结合多组学技术的快速发展对药用植物分子遗传研究重点的未来发展方向进行了展望,并提出应用药用植物分子遗传学规律实现药用植物保育、育种和有效成分生物合成等的具体方法和措施。Unraveling the genetic basis of medicinal plant metabolism and developmental traits is a long-standing goal for pharmacologists and plant biologists.This paper discusses the definition of molecular genetics of medicinal plants,which is an integrative discipline with medicinal plants as the research object.This discipline focuses on the heredity and variation of medicinal plants,and elucidates the relationship between the key traits of medicinal plants(active compounds,yield,resistance,etc.)and genotype,studies the structure and function,heredity and variation of medicinal plant genes mainly at molecular level,so as to reveal the molecular mechanisms of transmission,expression and regulation of genetic information of medicinal plants.Specifically,we emphasize on three major aspects of this discipline.(1)Individual and population genetics of medicinal plants,this part mainly highlights the genetic mechanism of the domestication,the individual genomics at the species level,and the formation of genetic diversity of medicinal plants.(2)Elucidation of biosynthetic pathways of active compounds and their evolutionary significance.This part summarizes the biosynthesis,diversity and molecular evolution of active compounds in medicinal plants.(3)Molecular mechanisms that shaping the key agronomic traits by internal and external factors.This part focuses on the accumulation and distribution of active compounds within plants and the regulation of metabolic network by environmental factors.Finally,we prospect the future direction of molecular genetics of medicinal plants based on the rapid development of multi-omics technology,as well as the application of molecular genetics in the future strategies to achieve conservation and breeding of medicinal plants and efficient biosynthesis of active compounds.

关 键 词：药用植物分子遗传学 多组学 群体遗传学 酶 转录调控 

分 类 号：S567[农业科学—中草药栽培]