基于以色列Noy-Meir放牧系统动态模型提升青藏高原草地放牧管理决策  

Improving the grassland management strategies of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau based on Israeli Noy-Meir’s grazing-system dynamics model

作　　者：丁路明 胡长胜 姜翠霞 Zalmen Henkin Luming Ding;Changsheng Hu;Cuixia Jiang;Zalmen Henkin(State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems,School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China;Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Adaptive Management on Alpine Grassland,Qinghai University,Xining 810016,China;Newe-Ya’ar Research Center,Agricultural Research Organization,Yishay 30095,Israel)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学生命科学学院,草地农业生态系统国家重点实验室,兰州73000 [2]青海大学青海省高寒草地适应性管理重点实验室,西宁810016 [3]Newe-Ya’ar Research Center,Agricultural Research Organization,Yishay 30095,Israel

出　　处：《科学通报》2020年第34期3867-3872,共6页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：青海省重大科技专项(2018-NK-A2);国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0502302,2016YFC0501805);青海省重点研发与转化计划(2018-SF-145,2017-NK-114);高寒草地-家畜系统适应性管理技术平台项目(2020-ZL-T07)资助

摘　　要：我国北方主要的放牧区位于青藏高原高寒草原以及黄土高原的干旱草原区.青藏高原不仅是我国重要的牧区之一,也是非常重要的生态屏障.家畜作为草地生态系统的重要组成部分,对维系草地生态系统功能、健康、保持生物多样性(地上植被、昆虫、土壤微生物和动物等)起着重要的作用[1~4].适宜的家畜数量、合理的放牧管理策略对于维系草地生态系统的生态和生产功能具有重要意义.草畜平衡一直是草地管理的核心议题,是家畜营养需求和草地牧草供给达到协调一致的理想化要求.在实际制定草畜平衡管理策略时,需要面对多种多样的因素,例如家畜种类、生理状态,以及复杂多变的草场类型、可食牧草种类、牧草数量和质量等,同时还需要考虑野生动物的需求、生态维持等诸多因素,给精准制定和实施草畜平衡带来诸多挑战.草地载畜量(carrying capacity)是草畜平衡管理的核心概念[5].草地载畜量多表述为草地适宜承载家畜的数量[6],由草地、家畜和放牧时间三要素构成[7].Grassland is one of the important natural ecosystems in the world,which not only play an important ecological role,but is also the main source for livestock production.Because of overgrazing in many of these lands,degradation is extending,which is an overall key issue in China.The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,which is often called the“roof of the world”,is known for its high altitude,low temperature and oxygen content,strong ultraviolet radiation and for its short-term grass growing season.This makes it a vulnerable system,while once damaged,it is very hard to recover.Therefore,it is essential to sustain the eco-function of this alpine grassland system.Reasonable grassland management practice is important for maintaining a sustainable healthy ecosystem.As overgrazing is one of the main causes for degradation of grassland,the proper management should take it account the balance between livestock and vegetation components,and it is essential to select an appropriate stocking rate strategy.Optimal production from pastures is gained only when animal needs and the productive capacity of the pasture are balanced.Stocking rate is usually defined as the number of animals per unit area for a given time period,but is affected by a series of factors,such as animal breeds,animal size and weight,animal performance,animal physiological state,climate environment,resources,grass growing rate and biomass and grass grazing tolerance.Therefore,it is challenging to select the optimal stocking rate,and as so it restricts the planning of reasonable grassland management strategies.In addition,forage biomass and its nutritive quality are dynamic and there is no constant stocking rate that is best for all situations.With the fast development of innovative technology and knowledge,models make possible the attempt to determine proper stocking rates and grazing strategies,while taking in account the balance between livestock and vegetation.But most models are complex while using highly detailed simulations input of many parameters,including

关 键 词：草地生态系统 草畜平衡 草场类型 放牧时间 草地管理 放牧管理 草地牧草 管理决策 

分 类 号：S812[农业科学—草业科学]