不同熟期玉米不同粒位籽粒灌浆和脱水特性对密度的响应  

Response of grain filling and dehydration characteristics of kernels located in different ear positions in the different maturity maize hybrids to plant density

作　　者：朱亚利 王晨光 杨梅[1] 郑学慧 赵成凤 张仁和[1] ZHU Ya-Li;WANG Chen-Guang;YANG Mei;ZHENG Xue-Hui;ZHAO Cheng-Feng;ZHANG Ren-He(College of Agronomy,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi,China;Shaanxi Agronomy and Technology Extension Station,Xi’an 710003,Shaanxi,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学农学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]陕西省农业技术推广总站,陕西西安710003

出　　处：《作物学报》2021年第3期507-519,共13页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0300304);陕西省重点研发计划项目(2017ZDCXL-NY-02-02);陕西省技术创新引导专项(2019TG-002)资助。

摘　　要：研究密度对不同熟期玉米品种不同粒位的籽粒灌浆和脱水特性的调控效应,为陕北灌区春玉米密植高产机械粒收技术提供依据。于2018—2019年以中熟品种先玉335(Xianyu 335)和晚熟品种东单60(Dongdan 60)为材料,设置45,000(D1)、60,000(D2)、75,000(D3)、90,000(D4)株hm^–2四个种植密度,分析其不同粒位籽粒灌浆、脱水特性及其与气候因子的相关性。结果表明,密度的增加能显著提高不同熟期品种玉米籽粒产量,其中2018年2个品种均在D4处理下达到最高产量;2019年先玉335和东单60分别在D4和D3处理下达到最高产量,2年平均最高产量分别为18,739 kg hm^–2和17,111 kg hm^–2,较D1处理产量分别提高了32.2%和27.7%。随着种植密度的增加,不同粒位的籽粒灌浆速率降低,粒重减小,脱水速率加快。在D4种植密度下,先玉335下部和上部籽粒平均灌浆速率较东单60分别高0.08 g d^–1和0.04 g d^–1,粒重较东单60分别高3.6 g和1.6 g。生理成熟时不同粒位的籽粒含水率与吐丝到生理成熟间有效积温呈显著正相关,总脱水速率与灌浆速率相关性不显著。先玉335不同粒位的籽粒脱水速率快,且下部和上部籽粒平均脱水速率较东单60高0.006和0.005%℃d^–1。与下部籽粒比,上部籽粒灌浆速率低、灌浆期长、粒重小、后期脱水快、含水率达到28%和25%所需积温少。可见,2个品种籽粒灌浆和脱水特性对增密的响应其上部籽粒更敏感;与东单60相比,先玉335密植下籽粒灌浆速率高,粒重大,且后期脱水速率快。因此,选择中熟品种结合适宜增密能够实现陕北灌区玉米密植高产机械粒收生产。Exploring the regulation effect of planting density on grain filling and dehydration characteristics of kernels located in different ear positions in different maturity maize hybrids could provide theoretical and technical reference for high yield production for the mechanized grain harvest of spring maize in northern Shaanxi irrigation area.A field experiment was conducted using the medium maturity maize hybrid Xianyu 335 and the late maturity maize hybrid Dongdan 60 with four plant densities of 45,000(D1),60,000(D2),75,000(D3),and 90,000(D4)plants hm–2 from 2018 to 2019.Their grain filling and dehydration characteristics at different grain positions and their correlation with climatic factors were analyzed.The results showed that increasing density could significantly increase the grain yield with different maturity maize hybrids with both hybrids reaching the highest yield under D4 treatment in 2018;Xianyu 335 and Dongdan 60 reached the highest yield under D4 and D3 treatments in 2019,respectively,and the 2-year average highest yields were 18,739 kg hm^–2 and 17,111 kg hm^–2,which were 32.2%and 27.7%higher than those under D1 treatment.With the increase of plant density the grain filling rate and the grain weight decreased,and the dehydration rate accelerated of different grain positions.Under D4 plant density,the average grain filling rate of the lower and upper grains of Xianyu 335 was 0.08 g d^–1 and 0.04 g d^–1 higher than that of Dongdan 60,and the grain weight was 3.6 g and 1.6 g higher than that of Dongdan 60,respectively.The correlation analysis showed that the grain moisture content of different grain positions was positively correlated with the effective accumulated temperature from silking to physiological maturity stage,but the total dehydration rate was not significantly correlated with grain filling rate.The grain dehydration rate of Xianyu 335 at different grain positions was high,and the average total dehydration rate of lower and upper grains was 0.006%°C d^–1 and 0.005%°C d^–1

关 键 词：春玉米 熟期 粒位 籽粒灌浆 脱水特性 产量 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]