密立根油滴实验再认识  

Re-understanding the experiment of Millikan oil drop

作　　者：董键[1] DONG Jian(College of Engineering and Physics,Qufu Normal University,Qufu,Shandong 273165,China)

机构地区：[1]曲阜师范大学物理工程学院,山东曲阜273165

出　　处：《大学物理》2021年第2期36-41,62,共7页College Physics

摘　　要：密立根油滴实验用于证明电荷量子化是合适的,但要将电荷量测量准确就不容易了,需要克服诸多实验上的困难,很多人借助“后期算法”进行修饰.油滴的布朗运动是一个重要因素,它对油滴平衡电压和下落时间都有影响,若合理应对,还是能改善测量的准确性,再结合电量-编号作图法,可以简洁地证明电荷量子化,并求得元电荷较为准确的值.本文还分析了电荷量测量误差的分布特点,并用测量数据有效数字的限制进行了恰当的解释,为选取合适的油滴奠定了理论基础.The experiment of Millikan oil drop was considered to be appropriate for demonstrating the charge quantization,but the quantity of electric charge is not easy to be accurately measured by it,because there are many experimental difficulties need to be overcome.Many people expected to decorate the results with a late algorithm.The Brown motion of oil droplets was one of the important factors which had an impact on the balance voltage and the free fall time of the oil droplet.If reasonably dealing with it,the accuracy of the measurement could improve.Combining with the charge-numbering graph method,the charge quantization could be demonstrated concisely,and the more accurate value of Meta-charge could be obtained.The distribution characteristics of the charge measurement error is analyzed,and it is properly explained with the limit of the number of significant digits of the measurement data.It settles a theoretical foundation for selecting the suitable oil droplets.

关 键 词：密立根油滴实验 电荷量子化 布朗运动 误差分布 有效数字 

分 类 号：O4-34[理学—物理]