我国刑事犯罪未成年人的结构性特征与防治对策——基于最高人民检察院2014—2019年相关数据的社会学分析  

Constructive Features of Adolescent Criminals in China and Preventions-A Sociological Study Based on Relevant Data of the Supreme Court 2014-2019

作　　者：宋全成[1,2] SONG Quan-cheng(Migrants Institute,Shandong University,Jinan 250100,China;School of Philosophy and Social Development,Shandong University,Jinan 250100,China)

机构地区：[1]山东大学移民研究所,山东济南250100 [2]山东大学哲学与社会发展学院社会学系,山东济南250100

出　　处：《南通大学学报（社会科学版）》2021年第1期75-84,共10页Journal of Nantong University:Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家重点研发计划课题“研究基于社会状态监测大数据的假释、暂予监外执行人员的矫正智能决策技术”(2018YFC0831103);国家博士后特别资助基金项目“大数据背景下的刑满释放人员社会融合问题研究”(2017T100481)。

摘　　要：未成年人的刑事犯罪问题已成为当今社会所面临的严峻的社会问题。中国未成年人的刑事犯罪呈现出规模较大、不完整的U型走势和低龄化趋势的自然结构特征。从社会结构特征来看,犯罪的未成年人多以初中文化程度和无业人员、农民职业为主;盗窃、抢劫、故意伤害、聚众斗殴、寻衅滋事、强奸是我国未成年人刑事犯罪的主要形式;侵财犯罪主要集中在抢劫、抢夺的暴力手段和盗窃、诈骗非暴力两种类型;严重暴力犯罪和毒品犯罪呈下降趋势。为此,遏制未成年人的刑事犯罪、促使未成年人健康发展,就需要调整和优化惩治未成年人刑事犯罪的政策。具体是:适度降低刑事责任年龄、提高未成年人的受教育水平和就业能力、引入"推定刑事责任能力制度"和全面介入与干预有犯罪倾向的未成年人的生活、犯罪未成年人的刑期改造和刑满释放后的社会融入的全过程。The criminal problems by adolescents have become a severe social problem facing modern society.The criminal offences by adolescents in China display some natural constructional features,including its large scale,its incomplete U-shape and low-age trend.From the social structure,most adolescent criminals are elementary school graduates,unemployed or rural workers.Theft,robbery,crime of intentional injury,crime of affray,crime of provocation and rape are the major forms of adolescent crimes.Crimes of property violation can be mainly categorized into violent robbery and forcible seizure or non-violent theft and fraud.Severe violent crimes and drug deal crimes are on the decline.Therefore,it is necessary to adjust and optimize the punishment against adolescent crimes in order to prevent adolescent criminal cases and promote the healthy development of the adolescents.Specifically,the following measures can be taken:moderately lowering the age for penal responsibility,improving the educational level and employment capabilities of the adolescents,introducing“presumption system for capacity of criminal responsibilities”,full-scale intervention into the life of adolescent criminaloids,and the whole process of the transformation of the adolescent criminals in prison and their integration into the society after being released from prison.

关 键 词：未成年人 刑事犯罪 犯罪种类 刑事责任年龄 专业社会工作 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学] D922.183[政治法律—法学]