从故宫慈宁宫建筑群木构件用材观其历史沿革  

An Analysis of the History of the Palace of Compassion and Tranquility Complex from the Aspect of Wood Species of Timber Members,The Forbidden City

作　　者：张琼[1] Zhang Qiong(Department of Architectural Heritage,The Palace Museum,Beijing 100009)

机构地区：[1]故宫博物院古建部,北京100009

出　　处：《建筑遗产》2020年第4期1-12,共12页Heritage Architecture

摘　　要：文章对故宫慈宁宫建筑群的慈宁门、慈宁宫、大佛堂、徽音右门、徽音左门等13座建筑的木构件进行取样,共采集1710个样本进行树种鉴定,发现慈宁宫建筑群共使用了12类木材,包括楠木、樟木、木姜等樟科阔叶材和云杉、落叶松、冷杉、硬木松等常见针叶材。通过梳理不同种类木材特性,统计鉴定结果,分别对各材种在慈宁宫区各座建筑和各类构件中的使用情况进行了分析,从而对该区建筑的用材情况加以总结。结合分析结果和文献所见有关慈宁宫一区的建造及修缮情况,对该区建筑的历史沿革进行了进一步解读,认为可将这13座建筑分为5组,分别佐证了该区建筑从明到清五个不同时期的建造和改建历史。这一研究思路和方法也可用于对故宫其他区域古建筑的认识与解读,从而为其价值认知和保护修复提供数据支撑,同时,通过大量数据的积累和逐步分析,有助于提升对故宫整体古建筑用材及其所体现出的历史沿革等营造信息的认知水平。12 types of wood are used in the Palace of Compassion and Tranquility(Cininggong)complex of the Forbidden City,including lauraceae broad-leaved wood such as nanmu wood(including phoebe and machilus),cinnamomum and litsea,and common conifers such as picea,larix,abies,pinus,etc.This is found through collecting and identifying the species of 1,710 wood samples from timber members of 13 buildings,like Gate of Compassion and Tranquility(Ciningmen),Main Hall of the Palace of Compassion and Tranquility(Cining Palace Hall),Great Buddha Hall,Right Gate of Good Reputation(Youhuiyinmen),Left Gate of Good Reputation(Zuohuiyinmen),and eight wing rooms.Then by specifying the characteristics of these wood species and analysing the identification results,this paper summarises the usage of each type of wood in each building and various components.Moreover,based on the analysis and records in related archives and literatures,the evolution of the Cininggong complex is further interpreted.The 13 buildings in this complex can be divided into five groups,which correspond to the five periods of construction or rebuilding/transformation from the Ming to the Qing Dynasty.This research method can also be used to interpret other heritage buildings in the Forbidden City,so as to provide data support for the value evaluation and conservation.Meanwhile,the accumulation of abundant data and gradual analyses will help to improve the understanding of choices in materials as well as the construction history those choices reflect of the Forbidden City.

关 键 词：故宫 慈宁宫 木构件 树种鉴定 历史沿革 

分 类 号：TU-87[艺术—艺术设计] TU-092[建筑科学—建筑设计及理论]