冬季两项运动员竞技表现的影响因素及训练策略  

Influential Factors and Training Strategies of Biathlon Athletes’Sports Performance

作　　者：王润极 李海鹏[2] 阎守扶[1] 吴昊[1] WANG Runji;LI Haipeng;YAN Shoufu;WU Hao(Capital University of Physical Education and Sports,Beijing 100191,China;China Institute of Sport Science,Beijing 100061,China)

机构地区：[1]首都体育学院,北京100191 [2]国家体育总局体育科学研究所,北京100061

出　　处：《中国体育科技》2020年第12期27-35,共9页China Sport Science and Technology

基　　金：国家重点研发计划“科技冬奥”重点专项(2018YFF0300603)。

摘　　要：通过文献资料调研,梳理与分析冬季两项运动员竞技表现影响因素,提出相应的训练策略。研究认为:1)在越野滑雪项目中,地形、速度和骨骼肌质量是运动员技术动作选择与运用的影响因素,训练策略应重视模拟比赛条件的训练与测试,重视不同地形选择相符合的精细化技术动作,增加上下肢骨骼肌力量训练,定期监测肌肉输出功率,形成个性化技术动作风格;有氧能力、上下肢肌肉质量和功率输出影响运动员的能量供应,自主神经系统平衡是运动能力提升的重要生理因素,训练策略应重视有氧能力的训练,加强心血管系统指标的无创监控,重视身体机能状态和训练计划的匹配与整合;极端气候考验运动员的抗寒能力和比赛装备的安装调适,训练策略应重视比赛气候条件,从提前适应、个性化装备适配等方面将不利影响最小化。2)在射击项目中,姿势稳定性、步枪稳定性、肩部力量和击发是提高运动员竞技表现的连贯技术动作,是影响射击命中率的重要因素,训练策略应增加项目转换模拟训练计划的比重,实施局部关键肌肉力量训练方案,重视生物力学分析;大脑皮质兴奋性和副交感神经系统激活影响运动员射击命中率的稳定性,训练策略应重视阶段性监测中枢神经系统指标,有针对性地训练呼吸控制方法;极端低温环境影响运动员的击发速度和射击精度,训练策略为掌握处理低温条件下自身和枪械突发问题的应变能力。Through literature research,based on combing and analyzing the influencing factors of biathlon athletes’competitive performance,this paper puts forward the corresponding training strategies.Research suggests that:1)In cross country skiing,terrain,speed and skeletal muscle quality are the factors affecting athletes’technical movement selection and application;the training strategy is to focus on training and testing that simulate competition conditions,and focus on matching refined techniques with different terrains,and increase the strength training of the skeletal muscles of the upper and lower limbs,and the muscle output power is regularly monitored to form a personalized technical movement style.Aerobic capacity,upper and lower limb muscle mass and power output affect the energy supply of athletes during cross country skiing;the balance of autonomic nervous system is an important physiological factor for athletes’performance;training strategy is to emphasize aerobic training,and strengthen the non-invasive monitoring of cardiovascular system indicators,and pay attention to the matching and integration of physical function status and training plan.Extreme weather tests the athletes’ability to withstand cold and the installation and adjustment of competition equipment;the training strategy is to pay attention to the competition climatic conditions and minimize adverse effects through early adaptation and personalized equipment adaptation.2)In shooting events,posture stability,rifle stability,shoulder strength and firing are technical movements to improve the complete shooting performance of athletes,and are important factors affecting shooting hit rate;training strategy is to focus on increasing the proportions of the simulation training of project conversion,implement the strength training programs for local key muscles,and attach importance on biomechanical analysis.Cerebral cortex excitability and parasympathetic nervous system activation affect the stability of the athlete’s shooting hit rate;the t

关 键 词：冬季两项 竞技表现 影响因素 策略 

分 类 号：G865[文化科学—体育训练]