侵犯优先购买权的股权转让合同“有效说”之反思  

Reflections on the“Effective Theory”of the Equity Transfer Contract Infringing the Right of Preemption

作　　者：吴飞飞[1] Wu Feifei(不详)

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学经济法学院,重庆401120

出　　处：《法律科学（西北政法大学学报）》2021年第1期160-169,共10页Science of Law：Journal of Northwest University of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金项目(18FCFX045)“《民法总则》与公司决议制度适用对接问题研究”。

摘　　要：《公司法司法解释(四)》实施后,侵犯优先购买权的股权转让合同"有效",成为主导性裁判倾向。然而,股权受让人的主要合同预期是尽快继受股权或在发现目标公司合作氛围不睦时可单方撤销合同而非获得违约赔偿,因此合同有效状态下的违约责任比其他状态下的缔约过失责任更能保护受让人的观点其实偏离了受让人的主要合同预期。"鼓励交易原则"的核心是"鼓励能够实际履行的交易",股权转让合同能否实际履行取决于其他股东是否行使优先购买权,所以"有效说"并不能真正鼓励交易。在具体个案情形中,支撑"有效说"的特殊法理与民商法一般原理相冲突,容易陷入特殊法理不合法境地。从"法效果"层面考察,效力待定状态下,受让人的催告权有利于尽快结束股权关系不稳定状态,具有效率优势;受让人在其他股东追认前享有的撤销权形成了"人合性"的双边效应,具有衡平优势。股东对外转让股权也是在"替其他股东寻找新的合作对象",具有宽泛意义上的代理属性。因此,侵犯优先购买权股权转让合同效力之判定可类推适用"无权代理"规则。After the"Judicial Interpretation of the Company Law(4)"was implemented,the equity transfer contract that infringed on the right of preemption was"valid"and became the dominant judgment tendency.The main contract expectation of the equity transferee is to accept the equity as soon as possible or unilaterally cancel the contract when the target company is found to have an unfavorable cooperative atmosphere,rather than obtain the compensation for breach of contract.Therefore,the claim that the liability for breach of contract protects the transferee better than the liability for invalid contracting fault deviates from the transferee’s main contract expectation.The core of the"incentive transaction principle"is to"encourage transactions that can be actually performed".Whether the contract can be actually performed depends on whether other shareholders exercise the right of preemption,so the"validity theory"cannot really encourage transactions.In specific cases,the special jurisprudence basis supporting the"validity theory"is in conflict with general ones of civil and commercial law,thus easily falling into an illegal situation.From the perspective of"legal effect",under contracts with pending validity,the transferee’s right of interpellation has the advantage of efficiency,which is conducive to ending the unstable state of equity relations as soon as possible;While the revocation right before the ratification of other shareholders enjoyed by the transferee has the advantage of equity,which forms the bilateral effect of"collaboration of human resource".Shareholders’external transferring of equity is also to"seek new cooperative objects for other shareholders",which has the attribute of agency in a broad sense.Therefore,the provisions of"unauthorized agency"can be analogically applied to the judgment of the validity of the equity transfer contract that infringes other shareholders’preemptive right.

关 键 词：股权转让合同 优先购买权 效力待定合同 《公司法》第71条 无权代理 

分 类 号：D922.91[政治法律—法学]