新闻专业危机与“元新闻”信息伦理抗争:对美国大选社交媒体图景的观察  

The Election Information Crisis on Social Media and the Ethical Resistance of Meta-Journalism

作　　者：陈昌凤[1] 林嘉琳 Chen Changfeng;Lin Jialin(School of Journalism and Communication,Tsinghua University)

机构地区：[1]清华大学新闻与传播学院,北京100084

出　　处：《新闻界》2021年第2期14-25,共12页Journalism and Mass Communication

基　　金：文化名家暨“四个一批”人才项目阶段性成果。

摘　　要：本文探讨了社交媒体时代选举中的信息危机的组成、技术原因、政治后果与专业影响,并以美国2020年总统选举为例,揭示其背后信息与权力的复杂关系,讨论社交媒体在"元新闻"领域引发的焦虑,寻求应对信息危机的政策与行动路径。社交媒体带来的信息危机,导致错误信息、虚假信息和不良信息的泛滥。在美国,广泛使用的用户分析和定向分发算法技术,正在有力地影响选民的意见和选举决定,泛滥的虚假新闻正在危及民主进程。信息危机已然正在造成不信任、恐惧和分裂,也造成了"信息道德恐慌"。究其原因,虚假新闻与数字媒体的发展密切相关,技术平台使得政治选举中虚假新闻得以更大规模地生产、传播和放大。虚假新闻是复杂社会关系、权力博弈的折射,是嵌入选举的复杂关系中的一种信息现象,也是使假新闻成为可能的社会技术条件和赋予其意义的解释性话语。监管与平台自律存在自由与治理的多重矛盾,需要多利益攸关方采取联合行动,共同应对信息危机、治理社交平台。This paper explores the connotation,technical reasons,political consequences and journalism professional impact of the information crisis in the elections in the social media era,and take the 2020 U.S.presidential election as an example to reveal the complex relationship between information and power behind it,to discuss the anxiety caused by social media in"meta-journalism",and seeks policies and action paths to deal with the information crisis.Social media has created a serious information crisis that has led to a proliferation of misinformation,disinformation and mal-information.Widely used technology for user analysis and targeted distribution algorithms is powerfully influencing voter opinions and electoral decisions,and fake news is endangering the democratic process in the United States.The information crisis is already causing mistrust,as well as"information ethics panic"in the"meta-journalism."The reason is that fake news is closely related to the development of digital media,which enables fake news in political elections to be produced,disseminated and amplified on a larger scale.Fake news is an information phenomenon embedded in the complex relationship of election,and it is also an explanatory discourse that makes fake news possible and gives meaning to it.There are multiple contradictions between freedom of expression and information order between supervision and self-regulation,which require joint multi-stakeholder action.

关 键 词：社交媒体 政治选举 信息危机 媒介伦理 

分 类 号：G206[文化科学—传播学]