电动汽车事故致灾机理及调查方法  

Mechanisms causing thermal runaway-related electric vehicle accidents and accident investigation strategies

作　　者：王淮斌 李阳 王钦正 杜志明[3] 冯旭宁[2] WANG Huaibin;LI Yang;WANG Qinzheng;DU Zhiming;FENG Xuning(China People's Police University,Langfang 065000,Hebei,China;State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100083,China;State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民警察大学,河北廊坊065000 [2]清华大学汽车安全与节能国家重点实验室,北京100083 [3]北京理工大学爆炸科学与技术国家重点实验室,北京100081

出　　处：《储能科学与技术》2021年第2期544-557,共14页Energy Storage Science and Technology

基　　金：科技部国际合作(2019YFE0100200);北京理工大学爆炸科学与技术国家重点实验室资助项目(ZDKT17-03);国家自然科学基金(51706117),2019年度警察大学实验创新平台专项课题(2019sycxpd001)。

摘　　要：电动汽车动力电池的事故致灾机理比较复杂,存在多因素耦合致灾的情况,新类型的失效模式也随着使用过程而逐渐出现。因此,开展电动汽车事故原因调查工作较为困难。本文基于锂离子电池热失控机理,总结了电动汽车事故发生及演化机理,阐明现有研究对电动汽车机械诱因、电诱因、热诱因及内短路触发电池热失控的机理和演化过程的认识程度。基于此,提出了基于车载BMS数据、微观和宏观形变特征、失控后残留物辨识等技术,进一步开展电动汽车事故调查的技术思路。本文对组建电动汽车事故致灾数据库,帮助事故调查人员采用科学有效的方法梳理并建立证据链,揭示事故发生的原因,提升电动汽车灾害事故原因调查效能和行车安全性具有一定的参考价值。Mechanisms leading to electric vehicle safety accidents are usually complex,multifactor,and interrelated,and new types of failures appear gradually during electric vehicle usage,making it difficult to determine root causes of accidents.This study summarizes how electric vehicle accidents are caused and evolve owing to a lithium-ion battery thermal runaway.The mechanisms triggering thermal runaway in electric vehicles and associated processes are discussed,including mechanical abuse,electric abuse,thermal abuse,and internal short-circuiting.Based on literature research,recommended strategies for accident investigation are proposed,including data analysis by the measurement of battery management systems,deformation studies at micro and macro levels,and the elemental identification of residuals after a battery failure.The study provides guidance on the establishment of an accident database for electric vehicles and helps equip investigators with scientific methods to build an evidence chain.It is beneficial for revealing the original mechanism of accidents and improving the efficiency of an accident investigation.

关 键 词：电动汽车 锂离子电池 安全性 致灾机理 调查技术 

分 类 号：TM911.3[电气工程—电力电子与电力传动]