复混缓释专用肥不同用量对玉米生长发育及肥料利用效率的影响  

Effects of compound slow-release fertilizer rates on maize growth and fertilizer utilization efficiency

作　　者：杨虎德[1] 王平生 杨霞 马彦[3] 祁维红 冯丹妮 YANG Hude;WANG Pingsheng;YANG Xia;MA Yan;QI Weihong;FENG Danni(Institute of Soil,Fertilizer and Water-saving Agriculture,Gansu Academy of Agriculture Sciences,Lanzhou 730070,China;Gansu Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Linxia 731100,China;Gansu Academy of Agriculture Sciences,Lanzhou 730070,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所,甘肃兰州730070 [2]临夏回族自治州农业科学院,甘肃临夏731100 [3]甘肃省农业科学院,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《土壤与作物》2021年第1期108-116,共9页Soils and Crops

基　　金：甘肃省科技计划资助;甘肃省农田土壤N、P面源污染特征及防控技术研究(1604FKCA125)资助。

摘　　要：为筛选出玉米覆膜栽培条件最佳缓释专用肥用量,促进轻简化高效施肥技术推广,试验设缓释专用肥不同用量900 kg·hm^(-2)(ZF900)、1 200 kg·hm^(-2)(ZF1200)和1 500 kg·hm^(-2)(ZF1500)、测土配方推荐组合(OPT)和不施肥处理(CK) 5个处理,通过大田试验研究了玉米复混缓释专用肥料不同用量对玉米产量、产量构成因素、肥料利用率和施肥效益的影响。结果表明:随着缓释专用肥用量的增加,玉米籽粒产量呈单峰曲线,以ZF1200处理产量最高,为14 677 kg·hm^(-2),ZF900产量14 596 kg·hm^(-2)次之,ZF1500处理13 768 kg·hm^(-2)最低;与CK处理相比,缓释肥各处理极显著的增产19.3%~27.2%;与OPT处理相比较,增产2.3%~9.1%,差异不显著。ZF900处理氮素和总养分较OPT处理分别减少30.3%和30.1%,但千粒重增加了29.3 g,单株生产力提高了7.5 g,氮素利用率、氮素农学效率、肥料偏生产力和施肥效益分别提高了9.1%、9.2kg·kg^(-1)、17.1 kg·kg^(-1)和1859.2元·hm^(-2)。缓释肥各处理能明显提高玉米前期的株高、前期和后期玉米的叶片叶绿素含量、棒三叶面积和成熟期生物产量。黄土高原灌区覆盖玉米合理的缓释肥料施用量范围900~1 200 kg·hm^(-2),最高产量施肥量1 200 kg·hm^(-2),经济环保施肥量900 kg·hm^(-2)。To screen out the optimum rate of controlled-release special fertilizer on corn growth and yield in improving the extension of light and simplified cultivation under plastic sheet mulching,five fertilization treatments including three rates of controlled-release special fertilizer,900 kg·hm-2(ZF900),1200 kg·hm-2(ZF1200),and 1500 kg·hm-2(ZF1500),and recommended soil fertilizer treatment(OPT)and no fertilizer treatment(CK),were implemented in a field experiment to investigate their effects on corn yield,yield components,and fertilizer use efficiency.The results showed that the corn grain yield demonstrated a single-peak curve with the increase in the rate of slow-release special fertilizer application.The highest yield was 14677 kg·hm-2 with ZF1200 treatment,followed by 14596 kg·hm-2 with ZF900 treatment,and the lowest was 13768 kg·hm-2 with ZF1500 treatment.Compared with CK treatment,the slow-release fertilizer significantly increased yield by 19.3%~27.2%.Compared with OPT treatment,the yield gain was 2.3%~9.1%,with no significant difference.ZF900 treatment reduced nitrogen and total nutrients by 30.3%and 30.1%respectively compared with OPT treatment,but increased 1000-grain weight by 29.3 g,and yield per plant by 7.5 g.Additionally,the nitrogen utilization efficiency,nitrogen agronomic efficiency,fertilizer partial productivity,and fertilizer economic efficiency was increased by 9.1%,9.2 kg·kg-1,17.1 kg·kg-1 and 1859.2 yuan·hm-2 respectively.The slow-release fertilizer treatments can significantly increase early growth and chlorophyll content in early stage and late stage,leaf area and biological yield at mature stage.The reasonable rate of slow-release fertilizer in corn production in the loess plateau irrigation area is 900~1200 kg·hm-2,maximum rate is 1200 kg·hm-2,and economic and environmental protection rate is 900 kg·hm-2.

关 键 词：缓释专用肥 玉米 肥料利用效率 施肥效益 叶绿素 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]