人性、剥削与革命意识--论马克思道德学说对古典功利主义的批判  

Human Nature,Exploitation and Revolutionary Consciousness--On the Criticism of Marx’s Moral Theory to Classical Utilitarianism

作　　者：顾青青 余龙进 Gu Qingqing;Yu Longjin(College of Marxism,Hangzhou Normal University,Hangzhou 311121)

机构地区：[1]杭州师范大学马克思主义学院,杭州311121

出　　处：《浙江社会科学》2021年第3期94-99,159,共7页Zhejiang Social Sciences

基　　金：2019年度浙江省哲学社会科学规划课题“马克思道德理论辨析及其当代观照研究”(19NDQN308YB);国家社会科学基金重大项目“马克思主义伦理思想史研究”(17ZDA022)。

摘　　要：艾伦、布坎南等西方学者认为马克思批判资本主义和考察共产主义的基点是利益导向的优先性和结果导向的利益最大化,其核心概念和论证方式都属于古典功利主义的叙事框架,这显然背离了马克思唯物史观的精神内核。事实上,马克思从具体的社会历史实践出发来考察利益与道德,从人性、剥削与革命意识三个维度实现了对古典功利主义道德观的批判与超越。具体来讲,马克思以“具体人性观”取代“抽象人性观”,确立了利益的客观物质性基础,为道德的产生与发展奠定科学基础;以“共同占有”取代“剥削关系”,实现了私人利益与人类利益的统一,既捍卫个体权利又保障共同体的善;以“革命运动”取代“改良主义”,强调客观规律与革命意识的辩证统一才是利益的实现方式,也即只有通过制度批判和革命实践的方式才能真正实现道德。通过这三个维度,马克思实现了对古典功利主义道德观的倒转和重构,并同时确立了其自身道德学说的历史性、社会性与革命性的辩证批判性特质。Allen,Buchanan and other western scholars believe that the basis of Marx’s criticism of capitalism and investigation of communism is the priority of benefit-oriented and the maximization of resultoriented.Its core concepts and arguments belong to the narrative framework of classical utilitarianism,this obviously deviates from the spiritual core of Marx’s historical materialism.As a matter of fact,Marx examined interest and morality from concrete social practice.It realizes the criticism and transcendence of the classical utilitarianism’s morality from the three dimensions of human nature,exploitation and revolutionary consciousness.To be specific,Marx replaced the abstract view of human nature with the concrete view of human nature,established the objective material basis of interests,and laid a scientific foundation for the emergence and development of morality.Marx substituted "common possession" for "exploitation relationship",realized the unity of private interests and human interests,which not only defended individual rights but also guaranteed the goodness of the community.Marx replaced "reformism" with "revolutionary movement" and emphasized that the dialectical unity of objective laws and revolutionary consciousness was the way to realize interests,that is to say,only through institutional criticism and revolutionary practice can morality be truly realized.Through these three dimensions,Marx realized the reversal and reconstruction of the classical utilitarian moral view,and at the same time established his own moral theory of historical,social and revolutionary dialectical critical characteristics.

关 键 词：马克思 功利主义 人性 剥削 革命意识 

分 类 号：A81[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]