美国海军“策士”对“航行自由计划”正当性的论证及其影响--以美国在南海的“航行自由行动”为例  

The Justification of“Freedom of Navigation Program”by American Specialists in Naval Affairs and Its Impact--With US Freedom of Navigation Operation in South China Sea as an Example

作　　者：曲升[1] Qu Sheng(Research Center for Pacific Island Countries,Liaocheng University,Liaocheng 252000,China)

机构地区：[1]聊城大学太平洋岛国研究中心,山东聊城252000

出　　处：《中国海洋大学学报（社会科学版）》2021年第2期1-14,共14页Journal of Ocean University of China(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“美国与世界海洋自由历史进程研究”(15BSS019)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在对“航行自由计划”正当性进行论证的美国政学界,以美国海军战争学院为“大本营”的一批海军“策士”堪称中坚力量。他们在充分肯定“航行自由行动”挑战“过度海洋主张”效果的基础上,从自由国际主义和现实主义两条路径论证“航行自由计划”的合法性和必要性,造成了“航行自由计划”有效而正当的压倒性舆论,并在推动特朗普政府南海“航行自由行动”升级转型、服务于美国与中国进行战略竞争方面,发挥了“智囊”作用。出于狭隘的国家利益和部门利益动机,他们的论证和划策以美国为中心,忽视他国观点和利益,难称客观中立。他们诉诸《联合国海洋法公约》,“入乎其内”却不能“出乎其外”,有意无意地忽视了进一步限制航行自由、特别是限制海洋军事活动的国际海洋法发展大趋势,其策论不无把美国带向与这一潮流背道而驰的可能性。In the process of justifying US Freedom of Navigation Program,a group ofspecialists in naval affairs from United States Naval War College played critical roles.Based on assessing the program's success in rolling back excessive maritime claims,they took efforts to legitimate this program on both liberal and realistic grounds,making an overwhelming consensus that the Freedom of Navigation Program was effective and justified.Additionally,they played a think-tank role in promoting the upgrading and transformation of the Freedom of Navigation Operations in the South China Sea conducted by the Trump Administration,and in serving the Trump Administration's strategy for competing strategically with China in the South China Sea.Motivated by narrow bureaucratic and national interests,they put the United States at the center of their arguments and suggestions,ignoring the positions and interests of other countries.They had recourse to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,but they ignored,unintentionally or intentionally,the general development trend of the international law of the sea which further restricts freedom of navigation and,in particular,military activities in the sea.

关 键 词：海军“策士” “航行自由计划” 正当性 南海 中美战略竞争 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]