从现代主义到伊斯兰主义——试论中东伊斯兰社会主流意识形态的演变  

From Modernism to Islamism:An Analysis on the Evolution of Mainstream Ideologies in the Middle Eastern Islamic Society

作　　者：昝涛[1] Zan Tao

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史学系

出　　处：《中东研究》2020年第1期1-47,275,共48页Middle East Studies

摘　　要：近代以来,中东伊斯兰社会在面临西方列强的军事和现代文明优势的挑战时,出现了多种不同的主张或意识形态,包括民族主义(奥斯曼主义、土耳其主义、阿拉伯主义)、世俗主义、社会主义、伊斯兰主义,等等。在不同的历史时期,这些意识形态的地位和作用各不相同,有一个此消彼长的过程。在20世纪,一直到1967年的第三次中东战争,占中东伊斯兰社会主流的意识形态是世俗的民族主义和社会主义。1967年第三次中东战争中阿拉伯国家惨败,之后,伊斯兰主义逐渐占主流。大规模的温和化与少数人的激进化并存,给中东各国乃至世界政治带来了巨大的影响。虽然中东各国伊斯兰主义的背景、规模及活动方式不尽相同,但在反对极端的世俗化、复兴伊斯兰价值,尤其是推翻专制政权等方面几乎是一致的。当下,不同程度的伊斯兰主义支配着该地区的政治和社会形势,已经成为影响该地区许多国家政治生活的主要因素。In modern times,facing the challenges of the supremacy of the western civilization in the aspects of military and technology,various policies and ideologies,including nationalism(for example,Ottomanism,Turkism and Arabism),secularism,socialism and Islamism,had played different roles in the history of 20th-century Middle East.By the third Middle East War of 1967,the mainstream ideologies in the Islamic society of the Middle East were nationalism and socialism,which were secular in essence.The Arab countries experienced catastrophic defeat in the 1967 war,and since then,Islamism arose,and had become the mainstream ideology.Most people are moderates,while some are radical minorities in the spectrum of Islamism.Both of these two types of Islamists had changed the political landscape of the Middle East.Both moderates and radicals are similar in the aspects of being against the radical secularism,reviving the Islamic values and overthrowing the tyrannies.As mainstream ideology,different types of Islamism are dominating the political and social developments in the Middle East.

关 键 词：中东 现代化 伊斯兰主义 意识形态 

分 类 号：D81[政治法律—国际关系]