区块链技术规制的国际经验与中国策略  

International Experience and China's Strategy of Blockchain Technology Regulation

作　　者：程雪军 CHENG Xue-jun(Law School,Shanghai University,Shanghai 200444,China;Institute of Finance and Banking,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100028,China)

机构地区：[1]上海大学法学院,上海市200444 [2]中国社会科学院金融研究所金融法律与金融监管研究基地,北京市100028

出　　处：《中国流通经济》2021年第3期31-43,共13页China Business and Market

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“中国金融体系的系统性风险与金融监管改革研究”(13AJY018);国家社会科学基金一般项目“我国互联网金融市场准入与监管法制重大理论与实践问题研究”(16BFX098);中国社会科学院国情调研重大项目“关于互联网金融风险治理调研”(GQZD2020006)。

摘　　要：区块链(Blockchain)技术作为一种具有去中心化、高度匿名、不可篡改等特征的数据库技术,历经可编程货币、可编程金融与可编程社会的发展阶段,不断重塑着社会经济发展形态,覆盖金融支付、医疗、物流、政务服务以及教育等领域,但同时也暗含着技术风险与法律风险。对区块链技术采取规制的内在逻辑是区块链技术风险防范的现实诉求,也是区块链技术法律规制缺失的内在要求,前者包括技术去中心化与法律趋中心化的矛盾、不可篡改性与算力垄断风险、相对匿名性与暗网风险,后者包括刑事违法犯罪风险、民事合同法障碍风险、消费者权益侵害风险。通过对英国、美国、澳大利亚区块链技术规制经验比较研究,发现不同国家对区块链技术规制的重点不同,英国对区块链技术规制重在技术与法律制度的结合,美国对区块链技术规制重在严格准入和审查,澳大利亚加强区块链技术的法律规范并实施“双峰”监管,各国在区块链技术规制上都注重从本国国情实际出发健全和完善法律规范体系,重视消费者权益保护,并选择合适的规制方式。在区块链技术日益兴起的时代背景下,我国需要认真分析当前区块链技术的规制政策以及不足,积极坚持法治化、安全性与创新性的区块链技术规制原则,采取功能性的规制方式引导区块链技术发展,并积极借鉴区块链技术的国际经验,构建与完善中国区块链技术规制的具体路径:加强刑法修订与国际合作,严格惩治违法犯罪;弥补民事合同法缺陷,提升智能合约技术;建立私钥法律体系,完善消费者权益保障机制;加强法律创新与移植,完善区块链的前沿法律设计。As a database technology with the characteristics of decentralization,high anonymity and immutability,Blockchain technology has gone through the development stages of programmable currency,programmable finance and programmable society,which constantly reshaping the social and economic development pattern,covering financial payment,medical care,logistics,government affairs services,education and other fields,but it also implies technical and legal risks.The internal logic of blockchain technology regulation is that it is not only the realistic demand of risk prevention of blockchain technology,but also the internal requirement of the lack of legal regulation of blockchain technology.The former includes the contradiction between decentralization of technology and centralization of law,immutability and computing power monopoly risk,relative anonymity and deep-web risk;and the latter includes the risk of criminal offense,the risk of obstacles in civil and contract law,and the risk of infringement on consumers'rights and interests.The author makes a comparative study on the regulatory experience of blockchain technology in the United Kingdom(UK),the United States of America(USA)and Australia,and it is found that different countries have different emphasis on blockchain technology regulation.The UK's regulation of blockchain technology focuses on the combination of technology and legal system;the regulation of blockchain technology focuses on strict access and review in the USA;and it strengthens the legal regulation of blockchain technology and implements"Twin Regulation"for Australia.However,in general,in terms of the regulation of blockchain technology,all countries focus on improving and perfecting the legal system according to their national conditions,attach importance to the protection of consumer rights and interests,and choose appropriate regulation methods.In the era of the rise of blockchain technology,China needs to seriously analyze the current regulation policies and deficiencies of blockchain technology,

关 键 词：区块链技术 监管沙盒 法律规制 国际经验 中国策略 

分 类 号：F124.3[经济管理—世界经济]