审委会制度的完善如何改进集体司法决策——以《关于健全完善人民法院审判委员会工作机制的意见》为分析对象  

How a Better Adjudication Committee Improves Judicial Decision Making

作　　者：孙光宁[1] SUN Guangning(不详)

机构地区：[1]山东大学(威海)法学院,山东威海264209

出　　处：《深圳社会科学》2021年第2期93-106,共14页Social Sciences in Shenzhen

摘　　要：针对司法改革中备受关注的审委会制度,最高人民法院在吸收地方法院经验的基础上,发布了《关于健全完善人民法院审判委员会工作机制的意见》(《意见》),对该制度进行了完善。基于提升集体司法决策质量的视角,该文件集中关注了决策主体、决策流程和决策结果三个方面内容。在决策主体方面,以上《意见》增加了同级检察院的列席,但是缺少具体明确的操作性规定,且难以对增列效果进行准确衡量;另外增列其他社会人士的规定,与审委会的制度设计与实际功能也难以有效对接。这就意味着,人员数量和类型的增加并不必然提升审委会的决策质量。在决策流程方面,上述《意见》专门强调议事发言按照法官等级和资历由低到高的顺序,这一制度设计没有附带明确的保障措施,在审委会的实际运行过程中并没有很好地遵守;即使能够遵守,审委会的决策过程仍然会出现从众效应。对此,建议增设提前表达意见并汇总到主持人的环节,这种事先的充分考虑和意见表达有利于推动审委会委员畅所欲言。在决策结果方面,《意见》明确在裁判文书中公开审委会决定的理由,在体现司法公开的同时也带来一定风险,有可能使得审委会委员为了降低决策责任而加剧决策的保守和从众倾向。审委会改革的关键是充分发挥司法责任的作用,在兼顾激励与约束的基础上进行精致设计,才能有效提升审委会的决策质量。Based on local court experiences,the SPC has published its official opinion on how to improve adjudication committee’s work.Focusing on the quality of decision making,this document contains three main aspects.On decision-making subjects,the Opinion mentioned above asks to add some subjects to decision-making panels,but more decision-making subjects do not mean a better decision.And it is hard to measure the effect.On the decision-making process,the Opinion has a special rule on the speaking order,but in practice,this rule is not always followed in adjudication committee discussions.Even if followed,this rule cannot reject the"bandwagon effect"among subordinate members in the court bureaucracy.Therefore,the process of adjudication committee discussion can add some preparation part to collect members’opinions,so as to allow members to express themselves thoroughly.On the result of adjudication committee discussion,the Opinion clarifies that reasons of decisions should be open to the public in documents of adjudication decisions,which means some risks of triggering controversies over the decisions.The key of reforming adjudication committee is to make full use of legal obligation,which means a delicate design to balance incentives and constraints.

关 键 词：审判委员会 集体司法决策 集体决策流程 疑难案件 判决政治效果 

分 类 号：D630[政治法律—中外政治制度]