“四夷来朝”与明初百年对外关系的变局  

“Siyi Came to Pay Tribute”and Changes in Hundred-of-Year Foreign Relations of the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：刘祥学[1] Liu Xiangxue

机构地区：[1]广西师范大学历史文化与旅游学院,桂林541001

出　　处：《历史研究》2020年第6期45-67,M0004,共24页Historical Research

摘　　要：从洪武至成化的一百余年间,明朝以“厚往薄来”政策为基调的对外交往,经历了由锐意开拓到主动收缩的转变。经过仁宣时期的调整,从英宗正统年间开始,对“四夷”的朝贡赏赐由慷慨逐步转为计较,向明廷朝贡的国家数量也由多变少。随着国家财力的衰退,一些朝臣更以“招徕四夷”为弊政。这个变化表明,明朝服务于政治需要的对外交往,同样要受经济基础的制约,如脱离了互利的经贸本质,以提升、维系朝廷颜面为目的的“厚往薄来”政策是难以持久的。随着对外交往的收缩,官方性质的“四夷来朝”盛况不再,民间性质的“四夷来商”则日渐兴起。明廷对外部世界的探索、了解亦趋于停顿,对世界的认知存在明显局限。During the period from Hongwu to Chenghua,the Ming Dynasty,taking“giving much and taking little”as a guideline for its foreign affairs,underwent a change from wide expansion to active contraction.Experiencing the adjustment in Renxuan period and starting from Emperor Yingzong,rewards for“siyi”paying tributes were not generous any more,leading to the decreased number of countries who presented tributes to the Ming court.With the decline of the nation’s fi nancial resources some courtiers even considered“opening to siyi”as maladministration.As reflected in the change,diplomatic activities for politics in the Ming court were also limited by economic situation,as a result of which the foreign policy“giving much and taking little”,intended to elevate and keep the court’s prestige,was diffi cult to function continuously after leaving the mutually benefi cial economic and trading system.With the diplomatic contraction,the grand occasion where officially“siyi came to pay tribute”failed the court,but the one that“siyi traded”came into sight in folk.The Ming Court began to stop its exploration of the outside world.Thus,the Ming’s knowledge of the world was clearly limited.

关 键 词：明朝 四夷来朝 四夷来商 对外关系 全球化 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] D829[历史地理—中国史]