关于“半知菌”的前世和今生  

On the past history and current status of the so-called “deuteromycetes”

作　　者：吕国忠 孙晓东 杨红 Lü Guozhong;SUN Xiaodong;YANG Hong(College of Environment and Resources,Dalian Minzu University,Dalian 116600,China)

机构地区：[1]大连民族大学环境与资源学院,大连116600

出　　处：《菌物研究》2020年第4期315-320,共6页Journal of Fungal Research

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31770025,31800007)。

摘　　要："半知菌"概念是约150年前对那些只进行无性繁殖而未发现有性阶段的一类菌物的称呼。为了方便对大量"半知菌"进行观察、描述和分类,在早期的《国际植物命名法规》中特设有一条命名法则,允许采用双重命名法对一个菌物分别按有性阶段或无性阶段进行命名。因此,在形式上为"半知菌"建立起了相应的"亚门"、"纲"、"科"、"属"、"种"等分类等级。随着越来越多的无性阶段和有性阶段联系的建立(实际上约有15%的"半知菌"发现了子囊菌或担子菌的有性阶段),特别是DNA测序技术在菌物分类中的广泛应用,从遗传进化研究上证明"半知菌"属于子囊菌或担子菌。自最新版《藻类、菌物和植物国际命名法规》规定"一个菌物一个名称"之后,"半知菌"概念已再无分类学意义,取而代之是"无性型菌物"一词更能表达该类群菌物属于菌物的无性阶段。"半知菌"中的相应的属、种名称还具有分类学意义,但能否保留或废弃,还要依靠权威菌物学家们的意见。即使菌物的有性阶段目前还未知,但其依据无性阶段特征而建立的属、种名称还是可以成为正统名称,并用其表示对应的菌物,当然包括了该菌物的无性阶段和有性阶段的全部。本文对"半知菌"概念诞生及其分类学意义的演化进行了简要综述,并提出对待菌物分类还应坚持无性型和有性型相统一的原则。The concept of the classic name Deuteromycetes was introduced to hold those fungi which have an asexual rather than a sexual morph. A separate nomenclature for sexual or asexual morphs was taken as allowed prior to 2011 in order to conveniently observe,describe,and classify these fungi. A range of formal names of subdivision,class,family,genus and species were set up for these fungi. Based on established connections of sexual and asexual morphs,in reality less than 15% "deuteromycetes"were found to have known sexual morphs,but the wide application of DNA sequence analysis in fungi confirmed their places in the sexual systems developed for Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Since the move to "One Fungus: One Name " was approved by the International Botanical Congress in Melbourne, Australia in 2011, the concept of"deuteromycetes"has no formal place in fungal classification,and names compete regardless of whether the type species of a generic name has a species with a sexual or an asexual type. The term can be substituted by an informal name, "anamorphic fungi", "asexual fungi ", or better"conidial fungi",which could express the morphological characteristics of "deuteromycetes". It should be pointed out that the taxa of genera and species of "deuteromycetes " still have significance in the classification system. However,whether they are preserved or abandoned should be reliant on choice of distinguished mycologists,and this is being done through the creation of lists of protected names by working groups of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi( ICTF). Although the sexual morph of a fungus has not been known,the name of a genus and species established on the asexual morph still qualifies as part of orthodox nomenclature. An asexual taxon name can now be accepted to represent the whole fungus in either the sexual or asexual morph. This paper briefly reviews the origin and evolution of the concept of "deuteromycetes",and stresses the principle of unification of names given to asexual and sexual morphs of th

关 键 词：无性型菌物 无性型 有性型 分生孢子菌物 命名法规 分类 

分 类 号：Q949.331[生物学—植物学]