中国近现代语言乌托邦的文化哲学考察  

A Cultural and Philosophical Investigation into the Utopia in Modern Chinese Language

作　　者：时世平[1] SHI Shiping

机构地区：[1]天津社会科学院学术期刊编辑部,天津300191

出　　处：《西南大学学报（社会科学版）》2021年第2期175-191,230,共18页Journal of Southwest University(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“现代中国文学的语言选择与文体革新研究”(15BZW151),项目负责人:时世平。

摘　　要：通用语的前提是人类交际必须在享有共同语码的群体中进行,共同语码规定了交际双方需要遵守或接受的规则。对于不同类型的文字或语言,不能根据使用它的民族文化发展状况作为评判标准。世界文字主要分为表音系统与表意系统两种类型。世界上大多数国家的书面语采用表音的文字系统,而汉语书面语则是表意文字系统类型的典型代表。汉字言文不一致,晚清以来学界一直都有人对此颇多诟病,甚至不乏有人推动“言文一致”的文字改造运动。但是,汉字对维护民族团结与国家统一起到了十分重要的作用,这无疑启迪了人造通用语的理念和实践。世界语描绘了一个世界大同的语言乌托邦,实际上是一种乐观的在科学主义层面上生发的语言乌托邦。以吴稚晖为代表的《新世纪》派提出的废除汉字、径用万国新语的主张,虽然其渴望“进步”、追求变革、向往“世界大同”的心理动机在一定程度上可以理解,但废弃汉字而使得民族文化无以立根的民族虚无主义思维逻辑却是不可取、不可行的,其思维方式和价值取向上的唯理主义、独系进化论和价值一元论的乌托邦主义心态则是应该加以反思的。无论是强调汉语需要一切欧化,还是强调汉语的不可更改性,从根本上都可归结到文化自信上来。我们要充分认识到汉语的优长处,立足于作为表意文字的汉语汉字的根柢而坚定文化自信,在适当借鉴外来语言的基础上,使汉语更加精细化,更具有审美性。The premise of the lingua franca is that human communication must be conducted in groups that share a common language code.The common language code stipulates the rules that both parties need to abide by or accept.For different types of characters or languages,it is difficult to judge the common codeby the national culture of that language.The world characters include two major types of systems:phonetic system and ideographic system.The written language of most countries in the world adopts the phonetic system,and the Chinese written language is a typical representative of the ideographic writing system.There is thus an inconsistency between the Chinese characters and the speech.Since the late Qing Dynasty,there have been a lot of criticisms in the academic circles,and somepeople even attempted to promote the movement of "writing for speaking" .However,Chinese characters play a very important role in maintaining national identification and national unity,which undoubtedly enlightened the idea and practice of man-made lingua franca.Esperanto portrays a linguistic utopia of universal harmony,which is actually an optimistic linguistic utopia developed on the level of scientism.The "New Century" school represented by Wu Zhihui’s proposal to abolish Chinese characters and use the new language of the world was discarded despite its understandable desire for "progress" ,pursuit of change,and yearning for "world harmony" .The logic of thinking of national nihilism,which makes the national culture unfounded by Chinese characters,is undesirable and unfeasible,and the mentality of rationalism,independent evolution and value monism in its mode of thinking and value orientation should be reflected.Either the call for further Europeanization in Chinese or the claim of immutability of Chinesewould find answers in cultural selfconfidence.We must fully realize the advantages of Chinese strengthen our confidence in Chinese based on the roots of Chinese characters as ideograms.In addition,some appropriate reference to foreign lan

关 键 词：言语中心主义 语言乌托邦 世界语 普世主义 无政府主义 唯科学主义 

分 类 号：H0-06[语言文字—语言学] H91