《民法典》违约金制度的功能优化  

Functional Optimization of Contractual Agreed Damages in China s Civil Code

作　　者：邓辉[1] 王浩然 Deng Hui;Wang Haoran

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院 [2]中冶置业集团石家庄分公司办公室

出　　处：《财经法学》2021年第2期46-59,共14页Law and Economy

摘　　要：《民法典》第585条主要延续了《合同法》第114条的违约金规定。目前,违约金制度的基本功能定位模糊,作为配套措施的司法调整规则适用混乱,无法厘清其与损害赔偿之间的关系,致使司法实践普遍遵循赔偿为主抑或功能均等的适用模式,难以充分发挥其担保履行和简化证明的作用。事实上,违约金兼具担保和赔偿的双重功能,在不同的历史时期和比较法例中各有侧重。在《民法典》出台的背景下,相关司法解释应当寻求更妥当的规制路径,充分尊重当事人意思自治,推动违约金的类型区分和功能重塑,构建担保为主、赔偿为辅的价值体系,明确违约金司法调整的适用范围、调整原则与主要考量因素,为违约金功能优化提供良好的制度环境。Article 585 of China s Civil Code mainly repeats Article 114 of the Contract Law on agreed damages.At present,due to the vague orientation of the basic function,it is impossible to clarify the relationship between contractual penalty and compensatory damages.The application of the judicial adjustment rules as a supporting measure is chaotic,which makes the judicial practice generally follows the applicable mode of function equality or compensation,and makes it difficult to give full play to the role of the ensuring debt performance and reducing the burden of proof.In fact,agreed damages have dual functions in guarantee and compensation,which have different emphases in different periods and jurisdictions.China s Civil Code has been formally issued,and the relevant judicial interpretations should seek a more appropriate approach,respect the autonomy of the parties,promote a distinction between penalty and liquidated damages,construct the dual value system of agreed damages,clarify the scope of application,the principles and main considerations of judicial adjustment,as to provide a good institutional environment for the functional optimization of contractual agreed damages.

关 键 词：惩罚性违约金 补偿性违约金 权重分配 司法调整 违约金酌减 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]