民法上对象与客体的区分及其应用  

The Distinction Between Gegenstand and Objekt and its Application in Civil Law

作　　者：孙山[1] SUN Shan(Economic Law School,Northwest University of Political Science and Law,Xi'an 710063,China)

机构地区：[1]西北政法大学经济法学院,陕西西安710063

出　　处：《河北法学》2021年第2期92-116,共25页Hebei Law Science

基　　金：陕西省科学技术厅2019年创新人才推进计划《网络虚拟财产保护法的规范设计研究》(2019KJXX-097)。

摘　　要：在我国民法学的研究中,多数学者将对象与客体当作同义语使用,而在刑法学中对象和客体则是完全不同的两个基础概念。对象与客体不分无法解释同一对象上承载不同利益、生成不同法益、获得平行保护的普遍现象。对象与客体的区分,缘起于罗马法中有体物和无体物的二分,确立于德国《民法典》,是人类理性认识提升和社会发展共同作用的结果,也是德国《民法典》"物/债"二分与五编制体例的逻辑基础,为后世各国以权利为核心概念设计民法典创造了可能。对象与客体区分在民法中具有如下法技术价值:法益分类的事实前提和逻辑根基;法益内容的现实基础;法益救济中请求权配置与行使的依据。后《民法典》时代,应当重视对象和客体区分在法教义学中的作用。In the study of civil jurisprudence in China most scholars take Gegenstand and Objekt as synonyms,while in criminal jurisprudence Gegenstand and Objekt are two completely different basic concepts. It is impossible to explain the common phenomenon that the same object bears different interests,generates different legalinterests and obtains parallel protection. The distinction between Gegenstand and Objekt originated in the dichotomy of res corporals and res incorporales in Roman law,and established in the Civil Code of Germany. It is the human rational knowledge promotion and together with the social development,is also the logical foundation for the dichotomy of res and debt and five parts of the "Civil Code"of Germany,making it possible to take rights as the core concept in designing civil code for later times. The distinction between Gegenstand and Objekt has the following technical value in civil law: the factual premise and logical foundation of the classification of legal interests;the realistic basis of the content of legal interests;the basis of allocation and exercise of claims in the relief of legal interests.In the post-civil code era,we should pay attention to the application of distinction between Gegenstand and Objekt in Rechtsdogmatik.

关 键 词：对象 客体 物 法益 请求权 

分 类 号：DF521[政治法律—民商法学]