中国小说观念在近代的演变  

The Evolution of the Concept of Chinese Fictions in Modern Times

作　　者：王齐洲[1,2] WANG Qizhou(School of Literature,Central China Normal University;Hubei Literary Theory and Criticism Research Center,Wuhan,Hubei 430079,China)

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学文学院 [2]湖北文学理论与批评研究中心,湖北武汉430079

出　　处：《江西师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2021年第1期72-87,共16页Journal of Jiangxi Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

摘　　要：由于英国用大炮轰开了清朝闭锁的国门,外国列强纷纷进入中国划分势力范围,中国进入半封建半殖民地社会,民族矛盾和阶级矛盾空前尖锐,东西方文化冲突日趋激烈,传统帝制和支撑它的意识形态解体,传统小说和与之相关联的小说观念也发生了极其深刻的变化。这些变化主要有:在作品性质上,由传统的视小说为“闲书”,转变为以小说为启蒙民众的“通俗教育之利器”和学校“教科书”;在知识归属上,由传统的经、史、子、集“四部”之学的子部诸子之一类,改属于文、理、工、农、医等现代学科的文科之文学类;在作品内容上,从强调“羽翼正史”,以故事情节吸引观众,到主张“今社会之见本”和“理想世界之描写”,以塑造美的形象“陶融人之性灵”;在文体分类上,从士人小说观念与民间小说观念的疏离,到明确区分民间小说的不同类型,即从统称一切通俗文学和讲唱文艺之小说,到注意区分小说的散文与韵文和书面与口头,从而使小说、戏曲、小唱三种文体得以独立。正是这些进展,传统小说观念逐渐获得了现代小说观念的丰富内涵,于是,近代小说观念成为传统小说观念向现代小说观念演进的桥梁。As the Britain empire used artillery to open up the gate of the Qing Dynasty,foreign powers entered China one after another and divided China into their spheres of influences,China entered a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society.The ethnic and class contradictions were unprecedentedly acute,cultural conflicts between the East and the West were becoming increasingly fierce,too.The traditional monarchy and ideology supporting it disintegrated,and traditional novels and the concept of novels related to them also underwent extremely profound changes.These changes mainly includedin terms of the nature of the work,the traditional view of novels as“leisure books”has been transformed into a“tool for popular education”and school“textbooks”that used novels to enlighten the public;in terms of knowledge ownership,from the traditional classifications,which was one of the sub-categories of Zi,one of the“Four Repositories(Jing,Si,Zi,Ji)”,changed to the literary category of modern disciplines such as liberal arts,science,engineering,agriculture,and medicine;in terms of the content of the works,the emphasis was from“winged history”and attracting the audience with the plot of the story,to advocating“the view of the present society”and“the description of the ideal world”to create the beautiful human spirit;in the classification of styles,from the concept of scholar novels and folk novels to clearly distinguishing the different types of folk novels,that is,from collectively referring to all popular literature and narration and literary novels,to paying attention to distinguishing the prose and rhymes of novels,written language and spoken language,three kinds of style(novel,drama,singing)could be independent.It is precisely because of these developments that traditional novel concepts have gradually acquired the rich connotations of modern novel concepts.Therefore,modern novel concepts have become a bridge from traditional novel concepts to modern novel concepts.

关 键 词：闲书 教科书 子部 文学学科 羽翼正史 观照社会人生 统类 分类 

分 类 号：I207.41[文学—中国文学]