短跑技术特征与短跑短期理论探索  

Technical Characteristics of Cprint and Exploration of Short-term Theory of Sprint

作　　者：施宝兴[1] SHI Baoxing(Guangzhou Institute of Physical Education,Guangzhou 510500,China)

机构地区：[1]广州体育学院,广东广州510500

出　　处：《南京体育学院学报》2021年第1期48-56,共9页Journal of Nanjing Sports Institute

摘　　要：多年来对跑的技术一直存有争论,包括跑步时动力来源等问题。随着现代电子技术的发展、多学科综合研究及对短跑研究的不断深入,以及研究方法的革新,有可能让我们做出更接近真实规律的认识。研究采用高速录像的方法对国际健将及10位一、二级短跑运动员起跑后50m处途中跑的支撑阶段进行定点定焦常规拍摄,测量地面的反作用力,根据已知的身体质量计算身体重心加速度变化的规律,并使用芬兰产ME6000八通道遥测肌电仪以1000Hz频率测量下肢8块跑动中主要肌肉的表面肌电,利用基于肌肉起止点、代起止点的肌骨模型计算途中跑中肌肉长度。提炼处理合并相关数据得知,将短跑支撑阶段划分为着地缓冲、蹬伸、后摆有助于对短跑技术理论的理解;短跑前支撑阶段的蹬伸可称为前蹬,后支撑阶段的蹬伸可称为后蹬,后支撑阶段包含的摆动与最后的腾空后屈膝后摆统一称为后摆。要想更进一步划分跑的周期理论,需要结合生物学特征中肌肉长度与肌电变化,更清晰深入分析下肢肌肉的工作特征。For many years,there have been controversies about running technology,including issues such as the source of power when running.With the development of modern electronic technology,multidisciplinary comprehensive research and the continuous deepening of sprint research,the innovation of research methods may allow us to have a closer understanding of the real law.In this study,high-speed video was used to perform fixed-point and fixed-focus conventional shooting of the support stage of the international athletes and 10 first-and second-level sprinters at 50 meters after the start.One camera for the whole body and the other for the lower limbs.The main optical axis and movement of the camera plane is vertical,the shooting distance is 20m,the shooting frequency is 100Hz,and the exposure time is 1/250s.And use the force plate(Kistler 9281B)buried in the plastic track to measure the force;use the dynamic data to integrate the smooth kinematics data;use the force plate to measure the ground reaction force,and calculate the body’s center of gravity acceleration based on the known body mass.The law of change:The ME6000 eight-channel telemetering electromyography instrument produced in Finland measures the surface electromyography of the main muscles of the 8 lower limbs running at a frequency of 1000 Hz.A musculoskeletal model based on the start and end points of the muscles and substitute start and end points is used to calculate the length of the muscles on the way.The published literature of this researcher and predecessors will be reviewed and refined to merge relevant data.The support stage of the sprint can be divided into ground cushioning,kicking,and back swing to help understand the theory of sprinting;the kicking at the front support stage of the sprint can be called the front kick,and the kicking at the back support stage can be called the back kick.The back support stage includes swing at the same time,which is collectively called the back swing together with the knee bend back swing after the final flight.

关 键 词：短跑途中跑 周期划分 蹬伸 摆动 肌肉长度 关节净力矩 

分 类 号：G822.1[文化科学—体育训练]