法人理论之社会基础的更新:从社团到企业  

The Renewal of the Social Foundation of the Theory of Legal Person:From Corporation to Enterprise

作　　者：冯珏[1] Feng Jue

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所

出　　处：《南大法学》2021年第2期102-125,共24页NanJing University Law Journal

摘　　要：传统法人理论以社团与合伙的二分为依据,以社团作为理论建模的基础,无法回应市民社会中发挥组织社会生产功能的企业的法律交往需求。德国学者针对合手合伙的群体理论和美国学者提出的资产区隔理论,均旨在将企业的独立财产作为企业独立性的核心构造,符合财产与自由关系的一般原理。企业的独立财产不仅有利于企业确立独立于企业所有者的企业目标,而且能够促成企业秩序和文化的形成。经济意义上的企业所有者仅是企业这种组织中不可或缺的一类成员,与企业依其财产获得的独立性并不矛盾。企业的所有权安排可能达成的数种均衡,在企业组织结构的稳定程度和企业独立性的程度上存在量的区分。以企业作为法人的社会基础和法学建构的原型,降低企业独立性的门槛、区分企业独立性的不同程度,能够为市场经济注入更多的财富、自治空间和活力,符合市民社会的基本要求和历史发展的进程,在世界范围内获得了实定法的认同和推动。Traditional theory of legal person,based on the division of corporation and partnership,and modelled the legal person with corporations,cannot respond to the legal transaction demands of enterprises as the organizers of the social production in the civil society.The“Group Theory”on the partnership by the German jurist and the asset partitioning theory by the American scholars both take the independent property of an enterprise as the core construction of the independence of the enterprise,which is in accordance with the general principle between property and liberty.The independent property of an enterprise can not only make for the independent purpose from its entrepreneur,but also facilitate the formation of the order and culture of the enterprise.Entrepreneurs in the economic meaning are one of the indispensable members in the enterprises,thus can be reconciled with the independence of the enterprises.There are several equilibriums of the ownership of the enterprises,and they have quantity differences in the degree of their organizational stability and independence.It not only brings more wealth,autonomy and vitality into the market economy,but also accords with the basic demand and historic course of the civil society to model the legal person with enterprises,and reduce the threshold and differentiate the degrees of the independence of the enterprise,thus is approved and promoted by the positive law in the whole world.

关 键 词：法人 社团 合伙 企业 企业所有者 

分 类 号：D913.99[政治法律—民商法学]