施肥对云南洱海流域蒜田土壤氨挥发和大蒜产量的影响  

Effects of fertilization on ammonia volatilization and garlic yield in Erhai Lake Basin of Yunnan Province

作　　者：沈仕洲 杨艳 王瑞琦 吴凡 胡玉康 王风 张克强 SHEN Shi-zhou;YANG Yan;WANG Rui-qi;WU Fan;HU Yu-kang;WANG Feng;ZHANG Ke-qiang(Agro-Environmental Protection Institute,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Tianjin 300191,China;Dali Agro-Environmental Science Station,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Dali 671004,China;Agricultural Environmental Protection and Monitoring Station of Dali City,Yunnan 671000,China;College of Resources and Environment,Yunnan Agricultural University,Kunming 650201,China)

机构地区：[1]农业农村部环境保护科研监测所,天津300191 [2]农业农村部大理农业环境科学观测实验站,云南大理671004 [3]大理市农业环境保护监测站,云南671000 [4]云南农业大学资源与环境学院,昆明650201

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2021年第3期470-479,共10页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0800103);云南省科技创新开放基金(2017HC015);云南省基础研究计划项目(2019FD120)。

摘　　要：[目的]探究不同施肥措施及施氮量对大蒜产量的影响以及蒜田的氨挥发排放特点,实现在保证效益的前提下的最小环境代价。[方法]田间试验在云南省大理市进行,试验设不施肥(CK);常规施肥(N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O分别为675、180、150 kg/hm^(2),CF);减少20%的CF处理化肥用量(N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O分别为540、144、120 kg/hm^(2),T1);T2处理是将T1处理中的氮以有机肥替代;T3处理是将T1处理中的磷以有机肥替代;T4处理是按有机肥当季矿化率25%折算,以有机肥替代T1处理中的氮投入;T5处理是按有机肥当季矿化率25%折算,以有机肥替代T1处理中的磷投入;T6处理是以控释肥替代T1处理中的化肥氮,共8个处理。T2和T4处理为单施有机肥,总氮投入量分别为540和2160 kg/hm^(2);T3和T5处理为有机无机肥配合,总氮投入量分别为540和1224 kg/hm^(2)。每季大蒜施肥4次,每次施肥后,采用密闭室间歇通气法吸收、分析田间氨挥发排放量,在收获期对大蒜进行测产。[结果]CF处理的大蒜产量最高,且显著高于其他所有处理,除对照外,其他6个处理的大蒜产量之间没有显著差异。蒜田氨挥发主要发生在每次施肥后的7天内,整个生育期氨挥发速率峰值变化范围为2.21~9.83 kg/(hm^(2)·d)。不同时期氨挥发累积排放量也存在差异,基肥期氨挥发损失量为4.93~27.77 kg/hm^(2),第1次追肥损失量为3.24~19.55 kg/hm^(2),第2次追肥损失量为2.80~18.57 kg/hm^(2),第3次追肥损失量为3.60~15.29 kg/hm^(2)。CF、T1、T2、T3、T4、T5和T6处理的氨挥发累积量分别为71.76、52.30、30.56、53.65、44.67、59.95和40.22 kg/hm^(2),氨挥发损失分别占施氮量的10.63%、9.48%、5.50%、9.72%、2.02%、4.80%和7.30%。CF处理的氨挥发量和氨挥发损失比例明显高于其他6个处理;在其他6个处理中,氨挥发量的顺序为T2<T4≈T6<T1≈T3<T5(P<0.05)。[结论]洱海地区常规施肥获得的大蒜产量显著高于减量和有机肥替代[Objectives]We assessed the effects of fertilizer types and nitrogen application rates on ammonia volatilization and garlic yield.[Methods]In November 2018,we established a garlic field experiment with different fertilization strategies in Erhai Lake Basin,Dali,Yunnan Province.The eight fertilization treatments in the study included:no fertilization(CK),conventional fertilizer rate(N–P_(2)O_(5)–K_(2)O 675–180–150 kg/hm^(2),CF),20%reduction of conventional fertilizer rate(N–P_(2)O_(5)–K_(2)O 540–144–120 kg/hm^(2),T1),replacement of N inT1 with same amount of organic fertilizer(T2),replacement of P in T1 with same amount of organic fertilizer(T3),replacement of N in T1 with organic fertilizer based on 25%mineralization rate(T4),replacement of P inT1 with organic fertilizer based on 25%mineralization rate(T5),and controlled release fertilizer substitution withthe same amount of N in T1(T6).The garlic field was fertilized four times in the whole growth period.Ammoniavolatilization were monitored using the method of closed chamber intermittent ventilation after each fertilization,and garlic yield was measured during harvest period.[Results]The garlic yield of CF was significantly higherthan those of other treatments.Ammonia volatilization mainly occurred within 7 days after each fertilization,withthe peak value ranging from 2.21 to 9.83 kg/(hm^(2)·d).The cumulative ammonia volatilization varied among thetreatments at each fertilization period.The cumulative ammonia volatilization under CF,T1,T2,T3,T4,T5 andT6 treatments were 71.76,52.3,30.56,53.65,44.67,59.95 and 40.22 kg/hm^(2),respectively.The loss of ammoniavolatilization accounted for 10.63%,9.48%,5.50%,9.72%,2.02%,4.80%and 7.30%of the total amount ofnitrogen in CF,T1,T2,T3,T4,T5 and T6,respectively.The amount of ammonia volatilization and the loss rate ofCF were significantly higher than other treatments,indicating that ammonia volatilization increased with increase innitrogen application.The order of ammonia volatilization among different treatm

关 键 词：洱海流域 蒜田 施肥类型 氨挥发 大蒜产量 

分 类 号：S633.4[农业科学—蔬菜学]