奶牛粪便翻堆式与槽式堆肥过程气体排放规律及养分损失原位监测  

The In-situ Monitoring of Gas Emissions and Nutrient Losses from Turning and Trough Composting of Dairy Manure

作　　者：巴士迪 张克强 杨增军 李仲瀚 渠清博 BA Shidi;ZHANG Keqiang;YANG Zengjun;LI Zhonghan;QU Qingbo(Agro-environmental Protection Institute,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Tianjin 300191,China)

机构地区：[1]农业农村部环境保护科研监测所,天津300191

出　　处：《生态环境学报》2021年第2期420-429,共10页Ecology and Environmental Sciences

基　　金：中国国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0800100);天津奶牛产业技术体系创新团队(ITTCRS2017006);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(Y2019LM02-02)。

摘　　要：为探究奶牛粪便翻堆式与槽式堆肥过程中温室气体和氨气(NH_(3))排放规律及养分损失情况,采用原位监测的方法,通过静态采气箱和气体在线监测设备,分别对奶牛粪便翻堆式和槽式堆体开展为期36 d的气体监测。结果表明,翻堆式堆肥过程中甲烷(CH_(4))、氧化亚氮(N2_(O))和NH_(3)排放主要集中于翻堆阶段;槽式堆肥过程中CH_(4)和NH_(3)排放主要集中于堆肥前期,N2_(O)排放则主要集中于堆肥中后期。堆体管理措施及物料特性显著影响堆肥气体的排放。翻堆式堆肥过程中翻堆对气体排放的影响大于堆肥理化因子如温度、含水率以及pH值;而槽式堆肥过程中,降低堆体的平均温度可同时减缓堆肥过程中CH_(4)、二氧化碳(CO_(2))和NH_(3)的释放。从养分损失来看,翻堆式和槽式堆肥过程中碳素总损失量分别占堆肥物料初始总碳含量(TC)的27.16%和21.53%,其中约80%以上的碳素损失来自CO_(2)-C。而堆肥过程中氮素总损失量分别占堆肥物料初始总氮含量(TN)的18.67%和13.44%,其中约80%以上的氮素损失来源于NH_(3)N。该研究表明,在保证堆体物料腐熟的前提下,降低翻堆频率可显著减缓翻堆式堆肥过程中温室气体和NH_(3)的排放;降低槽式堆肥堆体的温度可显著减少堆肥过程中CH_(4)、CO_(2)和NH_(3)的排放。该研究结果对于减少堆肥过程气态污染物排放和养分损失,提高堆肥效率具有重要的指导意义。In order to investigate greenhouse gases,ammonia(NH_(3))emissions and nutrient losses during turning and trough composting of dairy manure,we carried out 36-day measurement campaigns respectively on the turning and trough compost piles in two different dairy farms.Measurements were performed using the closed-chamber and on-line gas monitoring equipment.Results showed the emissions of CH_(4),N2_(O)and NH_(3) were mainly coupled with turning activities during turning composting.The CH_(4)and NH_(3) emissions mainly produced at early phase of through composting,but the N2_(O)production typically occurred at the later stage.The composting management practices and material characteristics can significantly affect gas emissions.During turning composting,turning events could have greater effects on gas emissions than the physicochemical factors(temperature,moisture and pH value)of compost.Lowering temperature can simultaneously reduce CH_(4),CO_(2)and NH_(3) emissions from the trough composting.For the nutrient losses,the total carbon losses from the turning and trough composting accounted for 27.16%and 21.53%of the initial C content respectively,with more than 80%of gaseous carbon losses from CO_(2)-C.The total nitrogen losses during the composting process accounted for 18.67%and 13.44%of the initial nitrogen content for the turning and trough composts,and more than 80%of the nitrogen losses came from NH_(3)N.Our results indicated that reducing the frequency of turning events can significantly decrease greenhouse gases and NH_(3) emissions from the turning compost under the premise of ensuring the maturity of materials.Lowering the temperature of the trough composting pile can significantly reduce the yields of CH_(4),CO_(2)and NH_(3).These results have important implications for improving the compost efficiency,decreasing environmental pollution and nutrient losses from the composting process.

关 键 词：奶牛粪便 翻堆式堆肥 槽式堆肥 温室气体 氨气 养分损失 

分 类 号：X713[环境科学与工程—环境工程]