西周五服制的国家形态与国家治理  

The Wu-fu System and the Structure and Ways of Governance of the Western Zhou Dynasty

作　　者：张利军[1] Zhang Lijun(School of History and Culture,Northeast Normal University,Changchun,Jilin,130024,China)

机构地区：[1]东北师范大学历史文化学院,吉林长春130024

出　　处：《古代文明》2021年第2期41-54,M0004,共15页The Journal of Ancient Civilizations

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“夏商周服制的国家认同内涵与社会治理功能”(项目批号:13CZS008)的成果之一。

摘　　要：既往对西周服制的研究集中于服制形态的居多,而对西周服制的建构及其反映的国家结构形态与国家治理研究不足。西周王朝以建立五服制的方式建构国家结构形态,实现国家对全社会的治理。周成王可能通过以下两种方式建立起甸服:第一,册命王朝大臣,赐以管理大小不等的土地和数量不等的若干族群;第二,划出特别的区域安置征服的异族与历史上遗留的姬姓族邦,设立邦君及其臣僚,管理这些族邦。周成王以赐命、封建的礼仪,建立大小不等的诸侯宗族体系,形成侯服、宾服。周成王举行会盟诸侯、方国的典礼,将征服的淮夷、荆蛮划为要服,戎狄划为荒服,使要服、荒服亦融入到周王朝国家之中。由是周王朝建构起以周王为天子,西部以宗周五邑为中心及甸服内朝臣、邦君宗族为主,东方以成周为中心的甸服朝臣、侯服宾服诸侯,南部、东部蛮夷方国,西部、北部地区戎狄方国臣服于周的国家结构形态。周王朝通过册命礼仪赐朝臣采邑,册封诸侯封地,纳方国于要服、荒服体系的方式,实现了对宗周地区、成周地区及地方诸侯体系和边疆方国地区的治理。Although some studies about the Wu-fu(五服,five subordinates)system of the Western Zhou have been done,the main attention was given to describe the general meaning of this system,while the connection of this system with the structure and ways of governance of the Western Zhou demands further attention.It was in the period of King Cheng’s reign that the Western Zhou established its Wu-fu system to realize its rule over the whole territary.Dian-fu(甸服)was established by appointing ministers to rule divided lands inhabited by different numbers of ethnic groups,and by setting up settlements for the conquered ethnic groups and the Ji clans.Houfu(侯服)and Bin-fu(宾服)were established in the way of feudalism.Moreover,Yao-fu(要服)and Huangfu(荒服)were established by holding meeting with the conquered distant Huai(淮)barbarians and the alliances called Jing(荆)barbarians.In this way,the Zhou dynasty constructed a vast and sophisticated system with the King as the center to govern a hierarchical system of different ethnic and political bodies.

关 键 词：西周 五服制 国家形态 国家治理 

分 类 号：D691[政治法律—政治学] K224[政治法律—中外政治制度]