中国《民法典》颁行后的民商关系思考  

Thoughts on China’s Civil and Commercial Law Relations after Promulgation of the Civil Code

作　　者：范健[1,2] Fan Jian

机构地区：[1]南京大学 [2]澳门科技大学法学院

出　　处：《政法论坛》2021年第2期25-41,共17页Tribune of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重大招标项目(项目编号:18VHJ002);国家社科基金课题(项目编号:17BFX008)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：《民法典》以"民商合一"为编纂体例,但已颁布的《民法典》并未充分确认商事关系的特殊性,难以满足社会的商法制度需求。历史上,古罗马、德国、法国、美国的立法经验表明民商合一的理想与商业发展的现实需求之间存在难以逾越的鸿沟。现实中,在主体制度上,《民法典》未能实现民商主体制度区分的现实需求,造成概念的不清晰和法律适用的混乱。在权利制度上,《民法典》未能关注到民商事权利在前提、本质、价值观念、性质、种类、范围、程序、保护力度等方面的不同,形成了制度缺失、理念冲突、规则逆向适用等现实问题。在行为制度上,《民法典》从抽象规则到具体规则都没有针对商行为的特殊性作出合理的制度安排,商行为的本质特征被忽视。在财产制度上,《民法典》从总则编到各分编都存在只关注传统民法上的物权或债权,不同程度忽视了传统和现代商事财产权特殊性的问题。在责任制度上,大量的商事法律责任规则没有能够在"民事责任"一章乃至整个法典中体现。因此,为了弥补《民法典》在商事制度供给方面的缺失,中国应当考虑推动《商法通则》和《商法典》的编纂。The"Civil Code"adopts the"combination of civil and commercial affairs"as its compilation style,but the promulgated"Civil Code"does not fully confirm the special status of commercial relations and cannot meet the society’s needs for a distinct commercial law system.Historically,the legislative experience of ancient Rome,Germany,France,and the United States has shown that there is an insurmountable gap between the ideal of the unity of civil and business and the actual needs of commercial development.Practically speaking,in terms of the subject matter of law,the"Civil Code"failed to realize the actual needs of the distinction between civil and commercial subject systems,resulting in unclear concepts and confusion in the application of laws.In terms of the enforceable rights,the Civil Code failed to pay attention to the differences in the condition requisites,essence,value concept,nature,type,scope,procedure,protection of civil and commercial rights,etc.,resulting in lack of system,conflict of ideas,and reverse application of rules.Wait for real problems.In terms of behavior system,from abstract rules to specific rules,the"Civil Code"has not made reasonable institutional arrangements for the special characteristics of commercial behavior and the essential characteristics of commercial behavior are ignored.Regarding the property system,the"Civil Code"from the general chapters to the various divisions has the problem of only paying attention to the property rights or creditor rights in traditional civil law,ignoring the particularity of traditional and modern commercial property rights.In the liability system,a large number of commercial legal liability rules have not been reflected in the"civil liability"chapter or even the entire code.Therefore,in order to make up for the lack of commercial system supply in the Civil Code,China should consider promoting the compilation of the General Principles of Commercial Law and the Commercial Code.

关 键 词：《民法典》 民商合一 民商分立 

分 类 号：D923.99[政治法律—民商法学]