不同作物茬口对冬油菜养分积累和产量的影响  

Effect of different preceding cover crops on yield and nutrient accumulation of winter oilseed rape

作　　者：元晋川 王威雁 赵德强 侯玉婷 吴伟 刘杨[1] 温晓霞[1] YUAN Jin-chuan;WANG Wei-yan;ZHAO De-qiang;HOU Yu-ting;WU Wei;LIU Yang;WEN Xiao-xia(College of Agronomy,Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,Yangling 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学农学院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《中国油料作物学报》2021年第2期260-270,共11页Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31971860);国家自然科学基金(31671643);国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD1000900)。

摘　　要：为探究关中平原地区不同作物茬口对冬油菜养分积累和产量的影响,通过两年田间试验,研究分析不同茬口,包括休闲茬口(FW)、大豆茬口(SW)、毛苕子茬口(HW)和玉米茬口(MW)对冬油菜土壤养分含量、地上部干物质积累、分配和氮磷养分吸收积累、产量构成因素以及产量的影响,筛选冬油菜生产适宜的前茬作物,为加强冬油菜生产,提高土地利用效率提供理论依据。结果表明:与休闲茬相比,大豆茬、毛苕子在冬油菜关键生育时期土壤碱解氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷含量均显著提高,其中以大豆茬提升土壤养分效果最为明显,而玉米茬各土壤养分含量均有所下降;大豆茬、毛苕子茬冬油菜地上部干物质积累量较休闲茬分别提高26.05%、13.12%,玉米茬下降2.74%;氮素积累量较休闲茬分别提高30.86%、14.86%;磷素积累量较休闲茬分别提高37.03%、20.35%,玉米茬氮、磷素积累量较休闲茬降低12.76%、3.48%;与休闲茬相比,大豆茬、毛苕子茬冬油菜籽粒产量显著提高29.48%、17.77%,玉米茬与休闲茬冬油菜产量差异不显著。相关性分析结果表明,大豆茬、毛苕子茬增产归因于土壤养分、地上部干物质积累量、氮磷养分积累量以及单株角果数的增加。因此,在关中平原地区,大豆、毛苕子是冬油菜生产适宜前茬作物,而大豆是提高冬油菜籽粒产量、氮磷养分积累的理想前茬作物。To explore the effect of preceding cover crops on winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.) in Guanzhong Plain in China, a 2-year completely randomized experiment was carried out to study the impact of preceding cover crops. Soil nutrient content, aboveground dry matter accumulation and allocation, nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation, seed yield and its components of winter oilseed rape were investigated. The test consisted of 4 treatments: SW(soybean as preceding cover crop), HW(hairy vetch as preceding cover crop), MW(maize as preceding cover crop), FW(fallow without preceding cover crop, control). Results showed that the SW and HW treatments significantly improved soil alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and available phosphorous content compared to FW. Among the leguminous treatments, SW treatment has the most obvious effect of increasing soil nutrient content. The soil nutrients of MW were lower than those of FW treatment. In contrast to FW, SW and HW significantly improved annual dry matter accumulation by 26.05%, 13.12%, nitrogen accumulation by 30.86%,14.86% and phosphorus accumulation by 37.03%, 20.35% respectively, while MW was 2.74%, 12.76% and 3.48%lower respectively. Compared to FW, SW and HW treatments significantly increased annual seed yield by 29.48%and 17.77% respectively. MW treatment had no significant effect on seed yield. Correlation analysis showed that the significant effect of improving seed yield of SW and HW treatments was due to the increase of soil nutrient, aboveground dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, phosphorus accumulation as well as pods per plant. The above results suggested that soybean and hairy vetch might be the reasonable choice of preceding crop for winter oilseed rape. Meanwhile, soybean could be recommended as the best feasible preceding crop to optimize seed yield, nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation for winter oilseed rape in Guanzhong Plain in China.

关 键 词：冬油菜 作物茬口 籽粒产量 干物质积累 养分积累 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学] S311