国家纵向结构对公共卫生法制构建的影响——美国经验与教训  

The Influence of the United States Federalism Structure on Epidemic Prevention and Control

作　　者：田芳[1] Tian Fang

机构地区：[1]南京大学法学院

出　　处：《兰州学刊》2021年第4期140-152,共13页

基　　金：2020年度国家社科基金重大项目“国家纵向治理体系现代化和法治化若干重大问题研究”(项目编号:20&ZD159)。

摘　　要：美国是一个联邦制国家,联邦的权力由宪法明确列举,凡是没有明确授予联邦的权力由州保留。但在实际的政治生活中,联邦和州的权力并不是一成不变的。当国家面临重大外部威胁时,权力就会向联邦集中;当国家政治经济稳定时,权力就会向州下放。州是公共卫生事务的主要负责者,为了公共卫生管理的需要,各州可以制定强制性的法律,如强制隔离、强制检疫、强制治疗等;而联邦主要负责公共卫生资金的分配以及医学研究等事项。“911事件”之后美国加强了公共卫生应急体系的构建,但是由于联邦制国家纵向权力结构体制,权力过于分散,国家无法统一行动,当面临突发公共卫生事件时,应急体系的应对能力明显不足。The United States is a federal state in which the powers of the Union are specified in the Constitution,and those powers not expressly granted to the Union are reserved to the states.But in practical political life,federal and state power is not fixed.The centralization of power to federalism occurs when the country faces major external threats;When the country is politically and economically stable,power is devolved to the states.The state is mainly responsible for public health affairs.To meet the needs of public health management,the state may enact mandatory laws,such as compulsory isolation,compulsory quarantine,compulsory treatment,etc.The federal government is mainly responsible for the allocation of public health funds and medical research.After 911 the United States strengthened the construction of the public health emergency response system.However,due to the vertical power structure system of the federal system,the power is too dispersed and the country cannot take unified actions.When facing public health emergencies,the emergency response capacity of the system is obviously insufficient.

关 键 词：公共卫生 紧急状态 国家权力 联邦制 

分 类 号：D630.8[政治法律—政治学]