冬季项目运动员低温暴露对运动表现影响的研究进展  

Effects of Cold Exposure on the Performance of Winter Sport Athletes

作　　者：赵丽[1] 韩鹏 程浩 ZHAO Li;HAN Peng;CHENG Hao(School of Sport Science,Beijing Sport University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]北京体育大学运动人体科学学院,北京100084

出　　处：《北京体育大学学报》2021年第3期27-35,共9页Journal of Beijing Sport University

基　　金：国家重点研发计划“科技冬奥”重点专项“冬季项目运动员专项能力特征和科学选材关键技术——特定环境对冬季项目运动员生物学特征影响的研究”(项目编号:2018YFF0300405)。

摘　　要：冬季项目运动员冬季训练期和比赛通常以反复暴露于低温环境为主,运动员如果不能产生足够的代谢热能来抵消冷环境的影响,就可能会对机体运动能力产生不利影响;同样当机体完成爆发性运动时,冷环境也会影响运动能力的发挥。运动员只有保证机体的体热平衡,减少低温环境引起的应激反应,才能更好地适应低温环境、维持体温保证更高竞技训练水平。基于此,系统阐述了低温对机体不同部位温度的影响,并以与运动表现密切相关的心血管系统功能、氧摄取和氧运输、骨骼肌能量代谢在低温环境下的变化特征为切入点,总结低温暴露对人体有氧工作能力、骨骼肌力量/爆发力的影响,不仅可以为冬季项目周期性训练提供客观监测,结合专项运动表现进行综合评价,还可以推动理论化训练向运动队的应用实施,以期为冬季项目运动员提高冬季训练期训练水平,科学化训练监控和备战、参赛战术设计提供理论参考。Winter sport athletes are repeatedly exposed to cold temperatures during winter training and competitions;if they do not generate sufficient metabolic heat to counteract the effects of the cold environment,cold exposure can be detrimental to performance.Similarly,when their movement involves dynamic explosive contractions,cold temperatures will also exert a negative influence.Only by keeping the human thermal balance and reducing the cold stress caused by low temperatures can athletes better adapt to cold exposure and maintain the body temperature to ensure high performance.This review attempts to expound the effects of a cold environment on the body temperature and analyze the effects of cold exposure on aerobic capacity and skeletal muscle strength/explosive power based on the cold-exposure-related changes in the cardiovascular system function,oxygen intake and oxygen transport,and skeletal muscle energy metabolism,which are all closely related to athletic performance.The research is expected to provide theoretical references for winter sport athletes to better train and prepare for their competitions with optimum tactics.

关 键 词：冬季运动项目 低温环境暴露 氧摄取和氧运输 骨骼肌能量代谢 有氧工作能力 力量/爆发力 

分 类 号：G804.7[文化科学—运动人体科学]