从“下诏”到“下书”——《十六国春秋》等史书的春秋笔法  

From Xiazhao to Xiashu:On the Spring and Autumn Writing Style in The Spring andAutumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms and Other Historical Books

作　　者：郭晨光 GUO Chen-guang(Chinese Language and Culture College,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学汉语文化学院,北京100875

出　　处：《海南大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2021年第2期143-149,共7页Journal of Hainan University （Humanities & Social Sciences）

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(18FZW054)。

摘　　要：据《十六国春秋》《魏书》《晋书》等相关史书、文献所载,十六国统治者有大量"下书"。其内涵、性质与一般泛指皇帝、官员所用的"下行文书"皆不相同。乃是史官用"春秋笔法"将其改之,原本应为"下诏","以一字寓褒贬"体现史家的正统观念。"下书"名号同"岛夷""索虏"等词一样,成为分裂割据时代区分华夷、宣扬正统的直接证据,是当时政治文化中的主流。其被选择、使用和传播的过程,不仅是对"春秋书法"的继承和发展,也反映了历史发展过程中华夷观念演变的诸多细节。As recorded in The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms,The Book of Wei,The Book of Jin,and among other historical books and literatures,there exist plenty of the documents issued by the rulers of the Sixteen States.In terms of xiashu(issuing the documents),their connotations and attributes differ from the"imperial edicts"generally issued by the emperor and officials.Xiazhao(issuing the imperial edict),as its original form,is changed into xiashu by the historiographers who use the Spring and Autumn writing style.From the edict to the document,the change of such one baomian ci(judgmental word),embodies the orthodox idea of the historians.Being the same with daoyi(island barbarians),suolu(plaited barbarians),and other derogatory terms,xiashu directly indicates the discrimination against the huayi(Chinese barbarians)and the publicity for the orthodoxy in the era of fragmentation,which was also the mainstream in the political culture at that time.The process of its selection,use and dissemination is not only the inheritance and development of the Spring and Autumn writing style,but also reflects many details in the evolution of the concept of Chinese barbarians in the process of historical development.

关 键 词：十六国 统治者 “下书” “下诏” “春秋笔法” 

分 类 号：I207.6[文学—中国文学]