论我国《民法典》物权编规范体系中的客体特定原则  

On the Object-Specific Principle in the Normative System of the Section of Real Rights of the Civil Code of China

作　　者：李永军[1] Li Yongjun

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商经济法学院,北京100088

出　　处：《政治与法律》2021年第4期2-13,共12页Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“民法典编纂的内部与外部体系研究”(项目编号:18ZDA141);国家社科基金重点项目“民法典分则立法的外在与内在体系研究”(项目编号:18AFX014)的阶段研究性成果。

摘　　要：物权客体特定原则是我国《民法典》物权编规范体系中的基础性原则,无论是物权编中的“物权法定原则”、公示公信原则,还是物权的排他和支配效力,都必须以此为基础。以德国为代表的大陆法系国家民法理论一般都将其作为物权法的基本原则对待。我国《民法典》物权编虽然没有明确规定这一原则,但从整个物权编体系的规范结构看,这一原则是确实存在的。对此,我国学者多使用的“一物一权”的表述并不十分妥帖。一物之上可以存在所有权、用益物权和抵押权的事实已经说明“一物一权”的外延仅仅能够适用于所有权,而非物权法的基本原则。物权客体特定要表达的就是,无论是什么样的物权,只要具有物权的效力就必须建立在特定的物(或者权利)之上。它比“一物一权”更符合物权法规范的体系构造。“客体特定”就要求物权必须建立在特定的、单个的物之上。“集合物”有时也能够笼统地作为抵押权的标的物,但是,如果进行抵押权登记,就会发现集合物无法进行登记,处分时也是单个地转移所有权。从本质上说,所谓的集合物所有权就是多个单个物所有权的集合,并不存在集合物的所有权。The specific principle of real rights is essential in the normative system of Section of Real Right of Civil Code of China,on which the"numerus clausus principle"and the publicity principle in this section and the exclusive and dominant effects of real right are based,therefore,countries of German-French law system which is represented by the civil law theory of Germany,generally treat it as a basic principle.Although there is no clear provision of this principle in the Section of Real Rights of Civil Code of China,it does exist in Chinese laws from the perspective of the normative structure of the whole system of the Section of Real Rights.Chinese scholars often use the term of"one right for one thing"to cover and express such principle,but it is not very appropriate.Because the fact that ownership,usufruct and mortgage right can coexist for one thing has proved that the denotation of"one right for one thing"can only be applied to ownership,so it cannot be considered as the basic principle of real right law.The specific object of real right is to express that no matter what kind the real right is,as long as it has the effect of real right,it must be established on the specific object(or right).It is more in line with the system structure of real right law than the term of"one right for one thing"."Specific object"requires that the real right must be established on a specific,single thing.Sometimes,loosely speaking,"assemblage"can also be used as the subject matter of mortgage.However,when the mortgage registration is conducted,it will be found that:the assemblage cannot be registered;and when the assemblage is disposed,ownership is transferred individually.Therefore,in essence,the so-called assemblage ownership is the collection of ownership of multiple individual things,and there is no such thing as ownership of assemblage.

关 键 词：客体特定 一物一权 集合物 公示公信 排他性 对世性 

分 类 号：DF521[政治法律—民商法学]