论紧急状态下的国家监护制度  

On the National Guardianship under the Circumstance of Emergency

作　　者：张梦蝶 ZHANG Meng-die(Law School of China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100088)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法学院,北京100088

出　　处：《行政法学研究》2021年第2期164-176,共13页ADMINISTRATIVE LAW REVIEW

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“民法典编纂的内部与外部体系研究(项目编号:18ZDA141)”的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：传统的国家监护制度是针对社会生活正常情况下的监护缺失问题而设立的,它在紧急状态下受到适用条件的严格限制而难以有效发挥作用。紧急状态下的监护具有特殊性,而私人监护救济为先、国家监护救济兜底的传统模式难以回应这种特殊性,反而形成了权利救济的真空地带。为此,《民法典》第34条第4款特地新增了民政部门、居委会和村委会的必要临时生活照料义务,为紧急状态下的监护缺失现象提供了救济依据。在对第4款新增义务进行理解时,应当从双重权利救济属性的视角来展开。国家监护兼具私权救济和公权救济的双重属性,传统的国家监护模式更多体现的是私权救济的属性,而第4款所规定的必要临时生活照料义务,所体现的则更多是公权救济的属性。与私权救济相比,公权救济具有全面、预防、快速、高效的优势。因此,民政部门等主体在履行第4款新增义务时,可以采取预先、主动的方式,以防止损害的发生或将损失降至最低。The traditional national guardianship system is aimed at the lack of guardianship in normal social life.It is limited by the strict application conditions under the circumstance of emergency.The guardianship under the circumstance of emergency has its particularity, but the traditional national guardianship model, in which private relief is the priority and judicial relief is the last choice, can not respond to this particularity, instead, it forms the vacuum zone of right relief.For this reason, clause 4 of Article 34 of the Civil Code has specifically added the duty of necessary temporary living care to the Civil Affairs Department, the Neighborhood Committee and the Villagers Committee.On the legal interpretation of clause 4, we should depend our understanding from the perspective of the dual nature of right relief.State guardianship has the dual nature of private right relief and public right relief.The traditional state guardianship model shows the nature of private right relief, while the obligation of necessary temporary living care stipulated in the fourth paragraph reflects the nature of public right relief.Compared with private remedy, public remedy has the advantages of comprehensive, preventive, rapidity and efficiency.Therefore, the Civil Affairs Department and other entities may take proactive measures to prevent the occurrence of damage or to minimize losses when performing the new obligation in clause 4.

关 键 词：国家监护 必要的临时生活照料义务 公权救济 私权救济 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]