Megadrought and cultural exchange along the proto-silk road  

超级大旱与史前丝绸之路上的文化交流

作　　者：Liangcheng Tan Guanghui Dong Zhisheng An RLawrence Edwards Haiming Li Dong Li Robert Spengler Yanjun Cai Hai Cheng Jianghu Lan Rustam Orozbaev Ruiliang Liu Jianhui Chen Hai Xu Fahu Chen 谭亮成;董广辉;安芷生;R.Lawrence Edwards;黎海明;李东;Robert Spengler;蔡演军;程海;蓝江湖;Rustam Orozbaev;刘睿良;陈建徽;徐海;陈发虎(State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology,Institute of Earth Environment,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Xi’an 710061,China;Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Xi’an 710061,China;Institute of Global Environmental Change,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an 710054,China;Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes,Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao),Qingdao 266061,China;Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education),College of Earth and Environmental Sciences,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China;Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences,University of Minnesota,Minneapolis 55455,USA;School of Geography,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing 210097,China;Institution of Chinese Agricultural Civilization,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China;Library of Chang’an University,Xi’an 710064,China;Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History,Jena 07745,Germany;Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia(Bishkek),Chinese Academy of Sciences,Bishkek 720040,Kyrgyzstan;Institute of Geology,National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz Republic,Bishkek 720040,Kyrgyzstan;School of Archaeology,University of Oxford,Oxford OX13TG,UK;Institute of Surface-Earth System Science,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072,China;Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity,Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China)

机构地区：[1]State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology,Institute of Earth Environment,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Xi’an 710061,China [2]Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Xi’an 710061,China [3]Institute of Global Environmental Change,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an 710054,China [4]Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes,Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao),Qingdao 266061,China [5]Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education),College of Earth and Environmental Sciences,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China [6]Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences,University of Minnesota,Minneapolis 55455,USA [7]School of Geography,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing 210097,China [8]Institution of Chinese Agricultural Civilization,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China [9]Library of Chang’an University,Xi’an 710064,China [10]Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History,Jena 07745,Germany [11]Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia(Bishkek),Chinese Academy of Sciences,Bishkek 720040,Kyrgyzstan [12]Institute of Geology,National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz Republic,Bishkek 720040,Kyrgyzstan [13]School of Archaeology,University of Oxford,Oxford OX13TG,UK [14]Institute of Surface-Earth System Science,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072,China [15]Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity,Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China

出　　处：《Science Bulletin》2021年第6期603-611,M0004,共10页科学通报（英文版）

基　　金：supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFA0606400);he Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB40000000);the 2nd Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (2019QZKK0101);the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y201681);partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41888101);the National Social Science Foundation of China (18ZDA172);the National Science Foundation of United States (NSF 1702816, EAR-0908792, and EAR-1211299);a part of the ‘‘Belt & Road” Project of the Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS)。

摘　　要：Arid Central Asia(ACA), with its diverse landscapes of high mountains, oases, and deserts, hosted the central routes of the Silk Roads that linked trade centers from East Asia to the eastern Mediterranean.Ecological pockets and ecoclines in ACA are largely determined by local precipitation. However, little research has gone into the effects of hydroclimatic changes on trans-Eurasian cultural exchange. Here,we reconstruct precipitation changes in ACA, covering the mid-late Holocene with a U-Th dated, ~3 a resolution, multi-proxy time series of replicated stalagmites from the southeastern Fergana Valley,Kyrgyzstan. Our data reveal a 640-a megadrought between 5820 and 5180 a BP, which likely impacted cultural development in ACA and impeded the expansion of cultural traits along oasis routes. Instead,it may have diverted the earliest transcontinental exchange along the Eurasian steppe during the 5 th millennium BP. With gradually increasing precipitation after the megadrought, settlement of peoples in the oases and river valleys may have facilitated the opening of the oasis routes, ‘‘prehistoric Silk Roads", of trans-Eurasian exchange. By the 4 th millennium BP, this process may have reshaped cultures across the two continents, laying the foundation for the organized Silk Roads.中亚干旱区是丝绸之路的核心区,也是史前人类扩散和东西方文化交流的重要通道.该区气候干旱,植被和生态群落受制于水文因素.由于缺乏精确年代控制的高分辨率古气候记录,中亚地区全新世水文变化及极端干旱事件在史前人口迁移和跨欧亚大陆文化交流中扮演的角色还不清楚.本文基于来自吉尔吉斯斯坦的石笋多指标记录,重建了中亚干旱区目前年代最精确(测年误差~6‰)、分辨率最高(~3年)、涵盖中晚全新世的降水变化序列.结果显示在5820~5180 a BP期间,该区存在一次持续时间为640年的超级干旱事件,主要受西风带北移的影响.这次干旱事件对中亚史前文化的发展产生了重要影响,很可能阻碍了史前东西方文化沿中亚绿洲路线上的相向扩散,使得最早的跨欧亚大陆文化交流在5000~4000 a BP沿着北方草原路线开展.随着大干旱后降水的逐渐增加和生态环境的恢复,中亚绿洲和河谷中增加的定居人口促进了不同绿洲之间的相互联系,进一步在4000~3000 a BP开辟了跨大陆文化交流的史前丝绸之路,为历史时期丝绸之路的最终开通奠定了基础.

关 键 词：Megadrought Trans-Eurasian exchange Silk Roads Arid Central Asia MID-HOLOCENE 

分 类 号：P426.616-09[天文地球—大气科学及气象学] K103[历史地理—历史学]