东汉摩崖石刻《张汜雨雪辞》冬季祈雨考辨  

A Study on the Ritual of Praying for Rain in Winter about Eastern Han Cliff Stone Carving Zhang Si Yu Xue Ci

作　　者：王学军 WANG Xue-jun(School of Literature and History,Nanyang Normal University,Nanyang 473061, China)

机构地区：[1]南阳师范学院文史学院,南阳473061

出　　处：《北京社会科学》2021年第4期53-61,共9页Social Sciences of Beijing

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“汉魏六朝礼制与文学研究”(19CZW015)。

摘　　要：先秦两汉时期,祈雨时令以夏季为主,但若遇旱情,春、秋、冬时节也可祈雨,这一时期文献记载的冬季祈雨有两例。先秦两汉冬季祈雨与中国北方冬小麦种植范围的扩大及冬小麦的冬季用水需求密切相关。永初七年夏秋时节,因旱、蝗灾害,粮食秋收深受影响,此年冬小麦的种植具有续种备荒的特殊意义。永初七年冬吴房县再次发生冬旱。从《张汜雨雪辞》的祈雨时令来看,此年由于闰月,冬季已过去三个多月,但仍无降水或降水很少,严重影响了冬小麦的来年收成。若续种备荒的冬小麦再次受灾,来年大规模的饥荒将难以避免,这直接促成了吴房县地方官员的祈雨之举。在迫在眉睫的饥荒威胁下,《张汜雨雪辞》不再仅是虚辞歌颂,而是与农耕社会血脉相连,具备了更深层的现实意蕴。During the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties,the season of the ritual of praying for rain was mainly in summer.However,in the case of drought,spring,autumn and winter could also be held for the ritual of praying for rain.During the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties,there were two cases about the ritual of praying for rain in winter recorded in literature.The ritual of praying for rain in winter during the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties was closely related to the expansion of winter wheat planting in North China and the winter water demand of winter wheat.In the summer and autumn of the seventh year of the Yong Chu,the autumn harvest of summer grain crops was deeply affected because of the drought and flood disasters.The planting of winter wheat this year had the special significance of planting crops for the second time in the year to combat hunger.In the winter of the seventh year of Yong Chu,winter drought occurred again in Wufang County.Recorded by Zhang Si Yu Xue Ci,though winter had passed more than three months in this year,there was lack of precipitation for a long time because of leap month of the Chinese lunar calendar.It seriously affected the next year's winter wheat harvest.If winter wheat continued to suffer from drought,mass starvation in the follow year would be inevitable,which directly led to the ritual of praying for rain in winter by the local officials in Wufang County.Under the threat of imminent famine,Zhang Si Yu Xue Ci was no longer just a vocal song,but related to the blood of the farming society and had a deeper meaning of reality.

关 键 词：东汉摩崖石刻 《张汜雨雪辞》 冬季祈雨 冬小麦 冬旱 

分 类 号：K877.4[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]