城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰组成特性及重金属熔融固化处理技术研究进展  

Study progress on the composition characteristics of fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration and treatment technology of heavy metal melting and solidification

作　　者：杨凤玲[1] 李鹏飞[1] 叶泽甫 张培华[1] 吴少华 程芳琴[1] YANG Fengling;LI Pengfei;YE Zefu;ZHANG Peihua;WU Shaohua;CHENG Fangqin(Collaborative Innovation Center of High Value-added Utilization of Coal-related Wastes,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization Technology of Coal Waste Resources,Shanxi University,Taiyuan 030006,China;Shanxi Gemeng Sino-american Clean Energy R&D Center Co.,Ltd.,Taiyuan 030000,China)

机构地区：[1]山西大学国家环境保护煤炭废弃物资源化高效利用技术重点实验室低附加煤基资源高值利用协同创新中心,山西太原030006 [2]山西格盟中美清洁能源研发中心有限公司,山西太原030000

出　　处：《洁净煤技术》2021年第1期169-180,共12页Clean Coal Technology

基　　金：山西省科技重大专项资助项目(201811002017)。

摘　　要：近年来,我国城市生活垃圾清运量以每年5%左右的增速发展,垃圾焚烧处理能力不断提升,而垃圾焚烧过程会产生占焚烧总量3%~5%的垃圾焚烧飞灰。随着垃圾焚烧处理能力的不断提升,垃圾飞灰产量逐年增加,飞灰处置压力越来越大。城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰作为一种高重金属浸出毒性的危险废弃物,对环境存在较大危害。论述了城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的组成特性及重金属的分布和性质,从飞灰熔融过程原理、重金属转化特性、重金属固化影响因素等方面阐述了熔融处理垃圾飞灰技术的研究进展,探究了飞灰组分和熔融条件对熔融过程及重金属固化效果的影响。论述了等离子熔融技术和熔融固化重金属的效果,最后对飞灰复配熔融及冷却过程优化处理给出参考性建议,并指出飞灰熔融处理技术未来发展方向。垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属主要以其氧化物、氯化物、硫酸盐形式存在,熔融处理可以改变飞灰组分及相态,使飞灰发生多晶转变和熔融相变过程,重金属离子发生同晶置换反应,被固化在硅酸盐的Si—O四面体晶格结构中,很大程度上降低了飞灰的浸出毒性并实现熔渣资源化利用。熔融处理过程中,熔融气氛、时间及飞灰组分对过程特性和重金属的迁移转化影响较大,冷却方式不同会影响玻璃体熔渣的物理性质。根据重金属的熔点和沸点特性,在熔融处理后,烟气和二次飞灰中会携带部分挥发性强、沸点低的重金属。在今后研究中需要对烟气和二次飞灰进行冷却或二次捕集处理,并对烟气成分进行探究。由于熔融处理过程耗能大、投资高、关键设备研发难攻关,我国垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融处理技术仍处于技术研发阶段,尚无稳定化工业运行实例,但已有部分中试研究试验。熔融处理前,应先分析飞灰组成成分,根据飞灰组成进行预处理。通过添加助熔剂、调节飞灰碱度对In recent years,municipal solid waste(MSW)removal volume in China has been growing at an annual rate of about 5%,and the disposal capacity of MSW incineration has also been continuously improved.In the process of MSW incineration,fly ash of MSW incineration accounts for about 3%~5%of the total incineration amount.With the continuous improvement of waste incineration treatment capacity,the output of fly ash also increases year by year,and the pressure of fly ash disposal will become more and more severe.As a kind of hazardous waste leached by high heavy metals,fly ash from MSW incineration does great harm to the environment.In this paper,the MSW fly ash composition characteristics and the distribution and properties of heavy metals were discussed.The research progress of fusion treatment technology of municipal solid waste fly ash were expounded from the aspects of fly ash melting process principle,heavy metal conversion characteristics and heavy metal solidification influencing factors,and the effects of the fly ash composition and melting conditions on the melting process and the influence of the curing effect of heavy metals were investigated.Plasma melting technology was introduced,and the effect of melting and solidification of heavy metals was analyzed.At last,some reference suggestions were given for the optimization treatment of fly ash melting and cooling process,and the development direction of fly ash melting technology in the future was pointed out.Heavy metals in fly ash mainly exists in the form of the oxide,chloride,sulfate,melt treatment can change the fly ash composition and phase behavior,resulting in polycrystalline transition and melting phase transformation in the fly ash process.The heavy metal ions are solidified in the silicate Si—O tetrahedral lattice structure by isomorphic substitution reaction,which greatly reduces the leaching toxicity of fly ash and realizes resource utilization of slag.In the melting process,the melting atmosphere,time and the composition of fly ash have great effe

关 键 词：垃圾焚烧飞灰 熔融处理 重金属 浸出毒性 等离子体熔融处理 

分 类 号：X705[环境科学与工程—环境工程]