陨石坑及其判别标志  

Meteorite Impact Craters and Their Identification Features

作　　者：尹锋 YIN Feng(Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resource Utilization,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan 411201,China)

机构地区：[1]湖南科技大学页岩气资源利用湖南省重点实验室,湖南湘潭411201

出　　处：《湖南科技大学学报（自然科学版）》2021年第1期10-16,共7页Journal of Hunan University of Science And Technology：Natural Science Edition

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(41503062);湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2016JJ6039);湖南科技大学博士启动基金(E51504)。

摘　　要：陨石坑是固体星球表面最常见的地质构造.陨石坑在厘定星体表面年龄、地球地质历史上的灾变事件、矿物岩石冲击变质等研究中具有不可替代的作用.陨石撞击过程具有高温高压的特点,能在矿物岩石中留下独特的标志,从而为判定陨石坑提供依据.地球上识别陨石坑的线索可以分为地貌标志、矿物岩石标志和地球化学标志3大类,但只有矿物岩石中的冲击变质特征才能最终判定是否是陨石坑.迄今为止,地球上已发现190余个陨石坑,其中174个发育了冲击变质特征.文章首先介绍了陨石坑的类型和形成过程,然后详细论述了陨石坑的判别标志,最后总结了国内的陨石坑研究现状.Meteorite impact craters are the most common geological structures on the surface of celestial bodies.Meteorite impact craters play an irreplaceable role in the studies of the age of planetary surface,catastrophic events in the geological history of Earth,and shock effects in minerals and rocks. The significant characteristics of impact process are high pressure and high temperature which can produce unique features in minerals and rocks and these features provide evidences for identifying impact craters. Clues for the identification of meteorite impact craters on Earth fall into three categories: geomorphology,mineralogy and petrology,and geochemistry.However,only shock effects in minerals and rocks can finally determine whether a crater is impact origin. So far,more than 190 impact craters on Earth have been confirmed and 174 of them show shock effects in minerals and rocks. Here meteorite impact craters and their formation processes were firstly introduced,then the identification features of meteorite impact craters were discussed,and finally the recent researches of meteorite impact craters in China was concluded.

关 键 词：陨石坑 冲击变质 判别标志 

分 类 号：P691[天文地球—地质学]