悬赏广告的单方允诺之债属性之辨  

Discussion of the Attribute of the Unilaterally Promised Debt of the Reward Advertisement

作　　者：杨立新[1] YANG Lixin(The Research Center of Civil and Commercial Juris Prudence of Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学民商事法律科学研究中心,北京100872

出　　处：《扬州大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2021年第2期43-56,共14页Journal of Yangzhou University(Humanities and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“民法典编纂的内部与外部体系研究”(18ZDA141)。

摘　　要：对于悬赏广告,原《民法通则》和《合同法》都没有作出规定,直至《物权法》才规定了拾得遗失物的悬赏广告。《民法典》第499条借鉴《最高人民法院关于适用合同法若干问题的解释(二)》第3条的内容,规定了悬赏广告的具体规则。因其体系定位于合同编通则"合同的订立"一章,而被他人误解为悬赏广告的法律属性是合同之债。事实上,悬赏广告在法律体例上之地位,不足以决定悬赏广告之法律性质。《民法典》合同编通则名为"合同法总则",实具有"债法总则"的地位。基于悬赏广告的本质属性与合同并不符,应当认定《民法典》第499条所规定的悬赏广告属于《民法典》第188条规定的"法律的其他规定"产生的债,即单方允诺之债,而非合同之债。将悬赏广告界定为单方允诺之债亦具有客观依据。这不仅符合悬赏广告的本质属性,也能够约束悬赏广告行为人的行为、保护悬赏广告行为人的利益,还便于司法实践中的适用。至于将悬赏广告界定为单方允诺之债所带来的撤销难题,通过解释之法即可解决。The original general principles of the civil law and the contract law did not stipulate the reward advertisement until the property law.Article 499 of the civil code refers to Article 3 of The Interpretation of the Supreme People s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Contract Law(2),and stipulates the specific rules of reward advertisement.Because its system is located in the chapter of “contract making”in the general principles of contract,it is misunderstood by others that the legal attribute of reward advertisement is the debt of contract.In fact,the legal status of reward advertisement is not enough to determine the legal nature of reward advertisement.The general principles of contract in Civil Code is called “general principles of contract law”,which has the status of “general principles of debt law”.Based on the fact that the nature of the advertisement offering a reward does not conform to the contract,it should be considered that the advertisement offering a reward stipulated in article 499 of the Civil Code belongs to the obligation arising from “other provisions of the law”stipulated in article 188,namely,the obligation of unilateral promise rather than the obligation of contract.It also has objective basis to define the reward advertisement as the debt of unilateral promise.It is not only in line with the essential attribute of the reward advertisement,but also can restrict the behavior of the actor of the reward advertisement,protect the interests of the actor of the reward advertisement,and is convenient for the application in judicial practice.As for the cancellation problem caused by defining the reward advertisement as the debt of unilateral promise,it can be solved by the method of interpretation.

关 键 词：《民法典》 悬赏广告 单方行为说 契约说 单方允诺之债 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]