海岸地貌变化对陆地边界和海洋划界的双重挑战及其应对——2018年“加勒比海与太平洋海洋划界案”评析  

The Challenges of Geomorphologic Change for the Land Boundary and Maritime Delimitation and its Solution——A Comment on Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)

作　　者：卜凌嘉 BU Lingjia

机构地区：[1]广东财经大学国际学院

出　　处：《国际法学刊》2021年第1期113-130,157,共19页Journal of International Law

基　　金：2020年度教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“军舰豁免权法律问题研究”(20YJC820003);2019年度广东省哲学社会科学规划项目“海上风力发电法律问题研究”(GD19CFX01);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)资助项目(项目批注号:SML-2020SP005)阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：2018年"加勒比海与太平洋海洋划界案"反映了海岸地貌变化对陆地边界以及海域划界造成的双重挑战。哥斯达黎加和尼加拉瓜的界河——圣胡安河发生改道,两国就陆地边界是否随界河改变产生争议;两国在加勒比海的陆地边界起点——圣胡安河河口海岸因海浪侵蚀持续后退,给海洋划界造成困难。国际法院根据相关边界条约和边界裁决,判决以界河现在的河道为两国边界,并以一海上固定点取代不稳定陆地边界起点作为海洋划界起点,然后以可移动连线作为领海边界的首段。有关案例表明边界条约和边界裁决对于解决界河改道争议的重要性。国际法院通过分离海洋边界起点与陆地边界起点避免不稳定海岸对海洋边界的不利影响。Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) is a unique case demonstrating the impact of geomorphologic change on the territorial border and maritime delimitation. The San Juan River-the boundary river between Costa Rica and Nicaragua has changed its watercourse, the two countries disagreed on whether the land boundary should follow the alternation of the river. The International Court of Justice(ICJ) in Costa Rica v. Nicaragua decides that the land boundary is the present channel based on interpretation of the boundary treaty and relevant arbitral awards. The continuous retreat of the mouth of the San Juan River–the starting point of the land boundary due to coastal erosion, brings a challenge to maritime delimitation. ICJ selects a fixed point at sea on the median line rather than the unstable starting point of the land boundary, as the starting-point of the maritime delimitation to be connected by a mobile line to the solid point closest to the mouth of the river, which constitutes the first segment of delimitation line in the territorial sea. Relevant cases emphasize an important role of border treaties and border arbitral awards in settling the disputes arising from the watercourse change of boundary rivers. ICJ avoids the negative implication by the coastal instability on maritime delimitation by the separation of the starting point of the maritime delimitation from the starting point of the land boundary.

关 键 词：地貌变化 界河改道 边界争端 不稳定海岸 海洋划界 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]