麦克斯韦妖与信息能  

Maxwell’s demon and information energy

作　　者：聂本典 过增元[1] Ben-Dian Nie;Zeng-Yuan Guo(Department of Engineering Mechanics,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学工程力学系,北京100084

出　　处：《科学通报》2021年第9期1083-1090,共8页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(51621062)资助。

摘　　要：在麦克斯韦妖系统中,常规能量是守恒的,所以之前学者只能通过不可逆过程的熵产分析来证明麦克斯韦妖问题并不违反热力学第二定律,而无法采用能量分析.鉴于传热过程中热量具有的质量特性,热质理论提出相对论性质量——热质的概念.热质在传递过程中具有热质动能,在热势场中具有热质势能,这些能量是相对论性能量.可逆热力学分析表明,只需输入热质能(相对论性能量)就能把相同数量的热量从低温处转移至高温处,而不需输入功或热量(常规能量).在改进的麦克斯韦妖系统中,利用两个小妖可以实现在筛选阀门两侧分子速度的同时,满足两侧区域中分子数不变即密度不变的要求,从而可以在不输入任何功或热量的前提下,把相同数量的热量从低温区转移至高温区.由于系统不仅满足常规能量的守恒,还满足相对论性能量的守恒,因此输入信息的同时,也必然伴随着信息熵和信息能的输入.信息能是另一种相对论性能量.因此,通过可逆过程的相对论性能量的守恒分析就可表明麦克斯韦妖问题不违反热力学第二定律.Maxwell’s demon challenged the second law of thermodynamics, thereby attracting much research attention for over a century. As this system does not exchange energy with circumstances, the energy is conserved. Consequently, it is useless to analyze this problem from an energy viewpoint. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted to analyze the entropy change in this process. Further, a conclusion was reached that the irreversibility process of obtaining information necessarily induces the entropy production, so the whole system still satisfies the entropy increase principle in an isolated system. This study demonstrates that Maxwell’s demon still follows the second law of thermodynamics from an energy conservation viewpoint in a macroscopic reversible process. Thermomass theory recognizes the mass nature of heat in the transfer process and proposes a new quantity called thermomass, which is the extra mass due to thermal vibration.Additionally, thermomass energy is a kind of relativistic energy that is carried by thermomass, and it is far smaller than that carried by the rest of the mass. To move the same amount of heat from a lower to a higher temperature region, the reversible thermodynamics analyses show that what is supposed to be input into the system can be thermomass energy and not necessarily external work or heat(conventional energy). Moreover, the negative entropy carried by heat corresponds to the positive thermomass energy and not the product of entropy and temperature. Inspired and motivated by these results, this study reconsiders the revised Maxwell’s demon system following the viewpoint of thermomass energy and relativistic energy and explains their influences on the system from the introduction of information. There are two Maxwell’s demons and two gates, and the chosen molecules can pass the gates one by one. Furthermore, when there is a molecule passing through gate 1 from left to right, another molecule concurrently passes through gate 2 from right to left with a different speed. Th

关 键 词：麦克斯韦妖 相对论性能量 信息能 热质理论 

分 类 号：O414.1[理学—理论物理]