商业间谍刑事规制的美国经验与我国的借鉴应对  

Our Response by Taking a Reference to American Criminal Regulations of Economic Espionage

作　　者：曹波 杨婷 Cao Bo;Yang Ting

机构地区：[1]贵州大学法学院 [2]中国社会科学院法学所暨贵州省社会科学院

出　　处：《财经法学》2021年第3期144-160,共17页Law and Economy

基　　金：中国博士后科学基金第67批面上资助项目“刑事治理现代化内在逻辑与推进路径研究”(2020M673298)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《经济间谍法》系美国首部专门为侵犯商业秘密提供刑事规制路径的联邦法律,一改长期以来由各州普通法保护商业秘密的司法传统,奠定了美国商业秘密犯罪规范体系的基础,引领着商业秘密法律保护的国际立法趋势。美国对商业间谍进行刑事规制的罪名主要有商业间谍罪与普通商业秘密窃取罪,前者配置更高的法定刑以威慑并严惩有外国政府因素介入的商业秘密窃取行为,兼顾商业秘密保护与国家安全保障。当前该法日渐异化为美国遏制中国的法律工具,特别是美国法院确立的以创造性证据实施诱捕以证立犯罪的判例规则,给美国商业竞争对手恶意打压甚至扼杀中国企业大开方便之门;其经济间谍条款未排除其他商业秘密补救措施的规定,意味着被卷入商业秘密刑事案件的当事人将面临联邦或州的双重甚至多重控诉。开展涉美业务的中国企业、个人抑或中国政府仅依赖法庭上的抗辩并无太大胜算,最佳措施应是事前“防御”,如出入境美国时携带“清洁”电子产品,相关企业在人才流动频繁的经济市场中应特别重视合规管理等。The Economic Espionage Act of 1996 is the first federal criminal statue to address trade secrecy misappropriation,altering the judicial custom of protecting trade secrets under states'common laws,laying the foundation for the legal system of regulating against trade secret crimes,and leading the legislative tendency of international trade secrets protection.EEA draws a clear line between economic espionage and theft of trade secrets on the basis of subjective differences,and enforces higher legal sentence on the former in an attempt to deter and punish the theft of trade secrets with foreign governments involved,taking into consideration the defense of both trade secrets and national security.The regulation is gradually becoming the legal tool used by the American government to curb China's development.The principle set forth by the American court that defendants could be convicted through fabricated evidence makes it easier for American corporate competitors to maliciously push Chinese company out of the market.The EEA expressly states that it does not preempt any other trade secret laws,which leaves companies open to pursue federal or state actions.For Chinese companies,citizens or government involved with U.S.,the wisest method is taking defensive measures beforehand.Such measures include carrying clean electronic devices when entering and leaving the United States as well as corporate criminal management for Chinese companies.

关 键 词：商业间谍法 商业秘密 刑事规制 事前防御 合规管理 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]