旱涝急转对贵州烟草生长的影响及减灾对策  

Effect of drought-flood abrupt alternation disaster on tobacco growth in Guizhou Province and its measures for disaster mitigation

作　　者：张永婷 慎东方 张泽中 商崇菊[2] 樊华 ZHANG Yongting;SHEN Dongfang;ZHANG Zezhong;SHANG Chongju;FAN Hua(School of Water Conservancy,North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power,Zhengzhou 450046,China;Guizhou Provincial Water Conservancy Research Institute,Guiyang 550002,China)

机构地区：[1]华北水利水电大学水利学院,河南郑州450046 [2]贵州省水利科学研究院,贵州贵阳550002

出　　处：《人民长江》2021年第4期34-40,共7页Yangtze River

基　　金：贵州省水利厅科技攻关项目“贵州烟草旱涝急转响应机理与减灾对策研究”(KT201705);2013年水利部公益性项目“变化环境下贵州旱灾形成机理及管理信息系统”(201301039);贵州省水利厅科技攻关项目“变化环境下贵州烟水工程抗旱减灾能力评估与提升对策研究”(KT202001)。

摘　　要：近年来旱涝急转灾害频次与强度受气候变化的影响而加剧,严重威胁贵州烟草产量与品质,烟农受损严重。根据贵州烟草生育期内旱涝急转时空分布特征与演变规律及其对烟草生长造成的影响,基于新时代防灾减灾和治水总方针的指导原则,从工程和非工程两方面制定旱涝急转防灾减灾方案,包括建设水利工程、加强田间管理、完善农业保险、建立预警机制、提升烟农参与意识等综合措施,以降低旱涝急转对烟草产量与品质的不利影响,达到防灾减灾的效果。在分析各类田间水肥措施减灾原理的基础上,提出贵州烟草"五元底肥+移栽保水剂+起垄覆膜秸秆双覆盖+巧灌追肥水"的田间水肥管理模式。这一系列对策可有效削弱旱涝急转对烟草造成的不利影响,减少因灾损失,为提升贵州烟草旱涝急转灾害管理水平提供科学参考。In recent years, the frequency and intensity of drought-flood abrupt alternation disaster has been aggravated by the global climate change, which seriously threatens the tobacco production and quality in Guizhou Province, and tobacco farmers have suffered serious damage.In order to reduce the adverse effects of drought-flood abrupt alternation on tobacco yield and quality and achieve the effect of disaster prevention and mitigation, this paper analyses the characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution, evolution law of drought-flood abrupt alternation during the growing period of tobacco in Guizhou Province and their impact on tobacco growth.Based on the guiding principles of the general guidelines for disaster prevention and mitigation and water control in China in the new era, disaster prevention and mitigation schemes against drought-flood abrupt alternation in Guizhou Province is proposed from engineering and non-engineering aspects.The schemes include five comprehensive measures, such as construction of water conservancy projects, strengthening field management, improvement of agricultural insurance, establishment of early warning mechanism and raising awareness of tobacco farmers’ participation, which can reduce the adverse effects of drought-flood abrupt alternation on tobacco products and quality, and achieve effect of disaster prevention and mitigation.Based on analysis on the disaster mitigation principles of various water and fertilizer measures in the field, a field water and fertilizer management mode for Guizhou tobacco is presented, which is "five-principal base fertilizer+water-retaining agent in transplanting+ridging and double mulching with film and straw+rational irrigation by topdressing nutrient water".This series of countermeasures can effectively weaken the adverse effects of drought-flood abrupt alternation on tobacco, reduce the losses due to disasters and provide a scientific reference for improving management level of tobacco under drought-flood abrupt alternation disaster in G

关 键 词：旱涝急转 防灾减灾 烟草 水肥管理模式 贵州省 

分 类 号：S271[农业科学—农业水土工程]