明清时期云贵乡试的地方史地考题举偶  

A Study of the Local Historical and Geographical Items in the Xiang-Examination Papers of Yunnan and Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：朱端强[1,2] ZHU Duanqiang(School of History and Administration, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China;Institute of Cultural and Historical Studies of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China)

机构地区：[1]云南师范大学历史与行政学院,云南昆明650500 [2]云南省文史研究馆,云南昆明650032

出　　处：《云南民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2021年第3期144-150,共7页Journal of Yunnan Minzu University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

摘　　要：明清时期,略相当于今天省一级的考试称“乡试”,共三场,分别考“四书五经”“经学通论”和“策问”,但尤重首场“经学”,且二、三两场中也包括很多“经学”成分。从乡试到会试(国考),行之数百年来的考题,特别是首场“经学”题,必然会走向重复、枯竭和刁钻。只有第三场中部分策问考题,多侧重于历史地理、时事政治等,命题和答题也比较宽泛和自由。从明清云南及贵州《乡试录》所载策问中的地方史地考题、优秀答卷和考官评语来看,自由发挥的余地较大。要求考生具有宽泛的知识,包括考生家乡的史地和政治知识,故较之相对僵化的其他场考题和答卷,更能反映考试的实际水平。In the Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty,Yunnan and Guizhou held three kinds of“Xiang Examination”at the provincial level,the first one focusing on The Great Learning,The Doctrine of the Mean,The Confucian Analects,and The Works of Mencius as the Four Great Books and The Book of Songs,The Book of History,The Book of Changes,The Book of Rites,and The Spring and Autumn Annals as the Five Classics;the second centering on A General Introduction to the Five Classics and the third on Questions and Answers.The first one was the most important while the second and the third also had much to do with the Five Classics.Because such examinations both at the provincial level and the national level lasted for hundreds of years,the examination items would become similar,boring and difficult,especially the items of the Five Classics in the first examination.Only some of the items in the third examination were related to history,geography and current political affairs,and the questions and answers were more flexible.Such flexibility found expression in the examination items,the excellent answer-sheets and the judges'comments in the Question-Answer Test Papers done by the examinees from Yunnan and Guizhou in the Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty,which could better reveal the examinees'proficiency in local history,geography and politics,and were better than those examination items requiring fossilized memory.

关 键 词：策问 云贵乡试 地方史地知识 明清 

分 类 号：D812[政治法律—国际关系]