果园施肥工艺流程和相关机械应用现状与发展趋势  

Current situation and countermeasures in fertilization process and related machinery application in orchards

作　　者：王得伟 李平[1,2] 弋晓康[1,2] 廖结安[1,2] 何义川[1,2] 冉军辉 张凤奎 WANG Dewei;LI Ping;YI Xiaokang;LIAO Jiean;HE Yichuan;RAN Junhui;ZHANG Fengkui(College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,Tarim University,Alar 843300,Xinjiang,China;Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Engineering,Tarim University,Alar 843300,Xinjiang,China)

机构地区：[1]塔里木大学机械电气化工程学院,新疆阿拉尔843300 [2]塔里木大学现代农业工程重点实验室,新疆阿拉尔843300

出　　处：《果树学报》2021年第5期792-805,共14页Journal of Fruit Science

基　　金：国家绿肥产业技术体系(CARS-22-G-22);兵团重大科技项目计划(2021AA005);南疆重点产业创新发展支撑计划(2020DB003-03);兵团科技攻关(2018AB037);塔里木大学校长基金(TDZKQN201807,TDZKSS201912);塔里木大学现代农业工程重点实验室(TDNG20170201)。

摘　　要：从果园施肥作业工艺出发,总结了不同的农艺要求下果园的施肥工艺流程,分析了不同施肥工艺和相应施肥机械的特点,最后根据现阶段我国施肥机械装备的研究和应用现状提出了施肥机械的发展建议,为果园管理者和相关研究人员合理选择施肥机械提供参考,为农机和农艺融合以及现代化果园施肥机具研发提供借鉴。我国施肥机械化近年来发展迅速,但仍不能满足果园高速发展的需求。坚持绿色发展理念推广草肥覆盖节本增效,加强学科交叉和融合及基础研究促进农机农艺融合,提高机具的可靠性、通用性和智能化,实现精量、高效、环保、可持续的果园机械化施肥是未来的发展趋势。Fruit is an important agricultural product.In 2017,China’s orchard area reached 1.11×10^(7) hm^(2),and the total fruit output reached 2.52×10^(8) t and both the orchard area and fruit output ranked first in the world.Orchard fertilization is an important part of orchard management and reasonable fertilization method and amount can effectively promote the growth of fruit trees and improve the yield of fruits.The production practice has proved that in the orchards where fertilizer and water are applied early in spring,the fruit trees show bud break early,blossoms open orderly,flowers are large and full,the leaves are large and thick,the leaves are green and bright,the fruit setting rate is high,and the young fruit development is fast.At present,the degree of orchard mechanization in China is relatively low compared with that in some foreign countries.The problem of excessive labor input in orchard management has increased the cost of fruit production and restricted the further development of orchard.There are great differences in the planting patterns and agronomic characteristics of orchards in different regions of China,so the fertilization methods and techniques in different regions and orchards are quite different.At present,there are four kinds of fertilization methods in orchards,including soil fertilization,water and fertilizer integration,foliar spraying and injection fertilization,among which soil fertilization and fertigation are the two and main fertilization methods.The fertigation is to dissolve the fertilizer in water,transport the solution through the water pipeline after pressurization,and transport the water and fertilizer together to the root system by means of spray irrigation or micro irrigation.It is a modern intelligent and precise fertilization method.However,long-term use of water and fertilizer integration will easily lead to soil hardening,soil secondary salinization and long-term soaking suffocation of fruit tree roots.There are three kinds of operation techniques of soil fertilizatio

关 键 词：果园 施肥机械 工艺流程 农机农艺 

分 类 号：S66[农业科学—果树学]