日本近代“公议”政治下元老院的创设与运行  

The Creation and Operation of the Senate under the Politics of“Public Opinion”in Modern Japan

作　　者：张用清 ZHANG Yong-qing(Japan Institute, NanKai University, Tianjin, 300071, China)

机构地区：[1]南开大学日本研究院,天津300071

出　　处：《日本问题研究》2021年第2期9-16,共8页Japanese Research

基　　金：2020年度国家社科基金一般项目“明治维新的‘公议’构想及其扭曲研究”(20BSS021)。

摘　　要：日本国家近代化转型的过程中,“公议”成为社会各政治主体构建政权的旗帜。明治新政权屡屡向社会倡导建立“公议”政治,并尝试成立了公议所、集议院等公议机关,其中尤以元老院存在时间最长,发挥作用最明显。元老院是政府平息民意、追求政治平衡的产物,其诞生源于明治维新以来统治集团在政治近代化上分歧的暂时弥合,因而元老院的实际权限始终受到政府掣肘。元老院成员在政体框架内积极发挥作用,试图使元老院会议成为日本立法过程的关键环节。元老院在立法权和制宪权行使的过程中与政府进行了长期的博弈,二者的互动模式深刻影响了日本立宪构建的形态。行政权主导下政府对议会的压制,可视为近代东方国家宪政转型的预演。In the process of Japan's modernization and transformation,“public opinion”became the banner of political power construction by various political subjects in society.The new Meiji regime repeatedly advocated the establishment of“public opinion”politics,and tried to establish public councils such as assembly house and congress.Among them,the Senate had the longest existence and played the most obvious role.The Senate is the product of the government's efforts to calm public opinion and pursue political balance.Its birth originated from the temporary bridging of differences between the ruling groups in political modernization since the Meiji Restoration.Therefore,it is regulated by the government in terms of authority.Members of the Senate play an active role within the framework of the political system,trying to make the Senate meeting become a key link in the Japanese legislative process.The Senate had a long-term game with the government in the process of exercising legislative power and constitutional power,and the interactive mode of the two has profoundly affected the form of Japanese constitutional construction.The government's suppression of parliaments under the leadership of executive power can be regarded as a preview of the constitutional transformation of modern Eastern countries.

关 键 词：元老院 公议政治 国宪编纂 立宪构建 府院之争 

分 类 号：D73[政治法律—政治学] D77[政治法律—中外政治制度]